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This has resulted in thermal water chemistry comprising up to 22,200 milligrams per liter (mg/l or parts-per-million: ppm) total dissolved solids, sodium up to 7,600 mg/l, chloride content of ~11,000 mg/l, and sulfates of up to 2,450 mg/l. In addition the waters contain significant quantities of fluoride, silica, barium, iron, lithium, and boron. Dissolved carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are also present. Temperatures in the Glenwood Springs range from 80 to 126oF, with the larger springs averaging about 122oF. With 7.0 as a “neutral” pH, the Glenwood Springs thermal waters pH range is 6.3 (slightly acidic) to 8.3 (moderately basic). Geochemical geothermometric calculations suggest that at some (unknown) depth, the Leadville Limestone thermal waters may have equilibrated with surrounding rocks at temperatures ranging from 140- 180oF. Because they are confined by the relatively impermeable Belden formation shales and because the Leadville Limestones dip to the southwest off the White River Uplift, the contained thermal waters are under artesian pressures so that they flow up-dip (down the hydrologic gradient) from the southwest towards their Colorado River outcrops were they emerge as springs (like Yampah, Drinking, Hobo, Graves, et al.) under significant pressure (they self-flow, without pumping). When the Redstone and Wright wells were drilled, they penetrated the Leadville Limestone and in both wells natural flows of more than 1,500 gallons per minute (gpm) were recorded. Yampah Springs, at up to 2,950 gpm, is by far the most prolific thermal spring draining the Leadville Limestone in the Glenwood Springs area. Tests of the Redstone well allowed calculations of the following hydrologic characteristics for the Leadville Limestone: • Transmissivity .................................... • Storage Coefficient .............................. • Specific Storage .................................. • Hydraulic Conductivity .......................... 47,000 ft2/day 5 x 10-4 1.8 x 10-6/ft. 170 feet/day Note that these are considered to be the “best fit” numbers though other higher and lower values can be obtained using various assumptions. Bishop-Brogdan Associates (Bibliography references 4 and 5) determined that there are 18 thermal springs and seeps in the general Glenwood Springs area of interest. They estimated discharge (flow) rates for each of these and using their figures, an average annual ambient temperature of 48oF, and an average thermal water temperature of 120oF, the number of Btus per hour were calculated. These are presented in Appendix A. WATER CHEMISTRY AND GEOTHERMOMETRY During the site visit, five water samples were collected from thermal springs. These samples were submitted to Thermochem Laboratory of Santa Rosa, California for analyses and for calculation of geothermometric temperatures. The latter are the temperatures at which the thermal waters last equilibrated with their host aquifer rocks. No information can be obtained as to the depth at which such equilibration occurred. The five Thermochem “Reports of Analysis” sheets and a tabulation of the geothermometers are attached to this report as Appendix B. 20PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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