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• Co-generation by first producing power and then cascading for heating (if the temperature is high enough) • Reducing the city’s carbon footprint The disadvantages are that a district heating system: • Requires a high thermal load density: >0.7 MMBtu/hr/acre (typical of downtown areas with multi-storied buildings • Requires a high favorability ratio: heat load available/heat load sales >1.5 • Requires long and cold winters: >4,000 degree F days/year • The production field (wells) must be close to consumers • Capital intensive, especially the distribution network • Construction disruptions to streets and utilities • Requiring a high percentage of potential customers agreeing to hook up to the system – generally, the penetration rate should be >50% • Retrofit costs of existing building heating systems, especially for electric heating systems, may be expensive Production W ells Peaking Station Injection Wells Pump Heat Exchanger Wellhead Heat Exchgr. Supply Pipe Return Pipe 1. Geothermal Fields 2. Transmission & 3. Central Pumping Distribution & In-Building Equipment Figure 11. Simplified geothermal district heating system. However, a marginal (cost wise) geothermal district heating system can be made economically viable by using fossil fuel peaking. Geothermal can often provide 50% of the peak load 80 to 90% of the time as shown in Figure 12. Thus, the geothermal plant and number of wells only have to provide 50% of the peak load and fossil fuel can provide the remaining, but for only a limited number of days/year during the coldest period. A low temperature resource, such as in the case in Glenwood Springs, could use a heat pump to boost the temperature of the geothermal resource as shown in Figure 12. Thus, the peaking plant (fossil fuel boiler) would only be used for 144 hours or 6 days/year for this example. The cost of the peaking plant has to be weighed against the cost of drilling more wells, using larger diameter pipes, and the additional pumping 29PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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