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Costs for plate heat exchangers and for building retrofits were given in the previous section under 2. Space Heating. Geothermal district heating is most viable in downtown core commercial and apartment areas with multi-storied buildings. As an example of the feasibility of implementing geothermal district heating in Glenwood Springs, one can use the >0.7 MMBtu/hr/acre criterion, as was previously mentioned. A typical block in the downtown area, including the street half-width, is about 500 by 300 feet or 150,000 ft2 (3.44 acres). • Assuming three storied commercial buildings with a heat load of 40 Btu/hr/ft2, this would require that at least 40% of the block area be customers of the heating district, or 60,000 ft2 of a typical block. • Assuming two storied commercial buildings with a heat load of 30 Btu/hr/ft2, this would require that at least 54% of the block area be customers of the heating district, or 81,000 ft2 of a typical block. • Assuming single story buildings, such as residential houses, with a heat load of 21 Btu/hr/ft2, this would require that at least 76% of the block area be customers of the heating district, or 114,000 ft2 of a typical block. As can be seen from the above calculations, the penetration rate for customers to hook up to the district heating system is critical. A marketing plan must be in place and active. In Klamath Falls, for example, the penetration rate was initially low as only 12 buildings were hooked up to the system. A door-to-door campaign to attract new customers was necessary to put the system’s operation in the “black” (Rafferty, 1993). In the end 24 major building are on the system in the downtown area, along with a sidewalk snowmelt system and supplying heat to four acres of greenhouses. The other lesson learned was that a flat billing rate is easier to implement, better understood by customers, and usually fixed over a 10-year period and spread equally over 12 months. This allows customers to plan and budget ahead for their energy costs. A rate of 50 to 80% of the previous natural gas use was implemented in Klamath Falls. Because retrofitting of buildings can be slow, two to three years should be allowed for project implementation. 4. District Heating by Pumping and Injecting the Water. This direct-use of the geothermal waters would require the drilling of a production well and an injection well unless either the Wright or Redstone well were to be used, then only one well would be required. To drill and case a well to 600 feet would cost about $125 per foot or $75,000 as discussed in the geology section of this report. One concern to be addressed is where to locate the production and injection wells to minimize the impact on the current resource users. They need to be far enough apart to prevent thermal breakthrough (i.e. the injection fluid cooling the production fluid), yet close enough to keep the reservoir charged (pressure and fluid). Since, rapid communication between the two existing wells when pumped has been recorded at the Yampah Spring and elsewhere in the area, simultaneous testing of any new production and injection wells must be undertaken to see the effect on the geothermal resource being currently utilized. 31PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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