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5.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 COP vs. EWT 30 40 50 60 70 80 Entering Water Temperature, (F) Figure 17. COP vs. entering water temperature for a GHP in the heating mode. 7a. Open Loop System Open loop systems use either well water or surface water such as lakes and rivers to provide the heat source or sink, depending upon the mode of operation. Care must be taken to determine the chemical content of the water, as calcium carbonate (hard water) or hydrogen sulfide (acid water) could scale or corrode the heat pump. In cases where these substances are present, an intermediate heat exchanger, usually a plate type, may be required. Also, these systems usually require additional pumping power to deliver the water from a well or river to the heat pump, and would require an injection well or disposal of the waste water to the river. Approximately 2 to 3 gpm per ton (12,000 Btu/hr/ton) of flow is required, however, this depends on the water temperature and pump load required. Thus, a one block area in the commercial district of Glenwood Springs comprising mixed three- and two-storied buildings, would require 5,250,000 Btu/hr or 438 tons of capacity (35 Btu/hr/ft2) which requires from 876 to 1,314 gpm. For a single home with a three ton load (about 1,800 ft2 of floor area), only 6.0 to 9.0 gpm of flow would be required. This type of unit may be cost effective if a suitable well or river/pond source already exists. Even domestic wells can be used to supply the needed water. Standing column wells have been used in some areas, where water is extracted from the bottom of the well and returned to the top of the well. These require deep wells, up to 1,500 feet deep, to maximize the heat transfer and prevent mixing of the return water with the bottom supply water. These are not recommended for Glenwood Springs. 7b. Closed Loop System Closed loop systems use loops of 3/4– to 1-1/2-inch diameter high density polyethylene pipe, heat fused, in either vertical holes or horizontal trenches. A water-glycol mixture is circulated in the pipes to prevent freezing. In the vertical loop configuration, a 4- to 6-inch diameter hole is drilled 150- to 300-feet deep, the pipe loop inserted and then backfilled with grout to give good contact between the pipe, grout and soil so as to maximize the heat transfer. Approximately one 38 COPPDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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