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ton of heat can be extracted or rejected per hole. Hole spacings are approximately 15 to 20 feet on center. The exact depth and number of holes needed for a project, depends upon the thermal conductivity of the ground and the subsurface conditions. Thus, for large projects, a thermal conductivity test should be run on one or more test holes to determine the thermal characteristics of the ground, to designate the vertical loop depth, and to decide how many holes are required. For horizontal loops, a trench about two feet wide and five to six feet deep is dug and one or two loops placed in the trench – one on the bottom and the second about half way down. Approximately 50 to 75% more pipe loop length is required in horizontal trenches, due to solar and multiple loop interference. For the same downtown block area mentioned above, approximately 438 holes would be required to provide 438 tons of load. A typical home would require about three vertical holes. Care must be taken to balance the heating and cooling load. Excess heating load that might reduce ground temperatures, can be mitigated with passive solar input into the ground in the summer, while excess cooling load can require heat dissipation by means of desuperheaters (for domestic hot water production) or cooling towers. Coils of pipes placed vertically into trenches or placed horizontally into shallow excavations, are referred to as “slinky’ loops. They are not recommended unless space is a problem, as they are less efficient per foot of pipe length then either straight horizontal or vertical installations. Also, direct-exchange (DX) systems are not recommended, as they use copper pipes filled with fluid in direct contact with the soil. External corrosion of the copper can be a major problem causing leakage of the hydrocarbon working fluid. An example is presented of various piping combinations (based on work by Steve Kavanaugh of the University of Alabama – from his website). Assumptions include: using a ground thermal conductivity of k = 0.6 Btu/hr-ft-oF for horizontal loops, and 1.2 Btu/hr-ft-oF for vertical loops, an annulus fill/grout conductivity of 0.85 in vertical loops, and an average buried depth of horizontal loops of 5 feet. For a ground temperature of 48 to 51oF (typical for Glenwood Springs) the following lengths of trench or bore would be required per ton of load: Horizontal 2-pipe type: 280 feet (requiring 560 feet of pipe) Horizontal 4-pipe type: 180 feet (requiring 720 feet of pipe) Horizontal 6-pipe type: 160 feet (requiring 960 feet of pipe) Vertical U-tube with 3⁄4-inch diameter pipe: 170 feet (requiring 340 feet of pipe) Vertical U-tube with 1-inch diameter pipe: 160 feet (requiring 320 feet of pipe) Vertical U-tube with 1-1/4-inch diameter pipe: 150 feet (requiring 300 feet of pipe) 4-pitch slinky: 180 feet of trench (720 feet of pipe – either horizontal or vertical) 6-pitch slinky: 160 feet of trench (960 feet of pipe – either horizontal or vertical) 10-pitch slinky: 120 feet of trench (1,200 feet of pipe) – either horizontal or vertical) 39PDF Image | GEOTHERMAL RESOURCES GLENWOOD SPRINGS, COLORADO
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