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01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew Although biogas experienced the most significant increase in the EU (up almost 18%), generation from all biomass sources has increased rapidly in the region.75 For example, EU electricity production from solid biomass tripled between 2001 and 2009, and by early 2010 some 800 solid biomass power plants (an estimated 7.1 GW) were operating in Europe.76 Growth of biomass for power and heat in the EU has been driven greatly by supportive policies, which in many countries are coupled with taxes on fossil fuels or carbon dioxide emissions, as well as EU regulations that require reductions in landfilling of organic waste.77 are used for power generation through three general applications, including grid-connected biomass power plants, off-grid distributed biomass power applications, and cogeneration via sugar mills and other industries.90 India added about 0.3 GW of biomass power capacity in 2010 for a total of 3 GW at year-end.91 Thailand added only 0.003 GW of solid biomass capacity in 2010, ending the year with a total of 1.3 GW, but it nearly doubled its biogas capacity in 2009 to 0.05 GW and increased it a further 37% in 2010 to 0.07 GW.92 Malaysia also is seeing significant biogas power expansion.93 The top three countries in Europe – Germany, Sweden, and the United Kingdom – accounted for nearly 50% of the region’s electricity production from biomass in 2009; Germany alone accounted for about 50% of the EU’s biogas generation and almost 30% of total EU electricity generation from biomass.78 Other significant biomass power producers included Finland, Poland, Italy, and the Netherlands; future high growth, particularly in biogas use, is expected in Italy, France, Spain, and the U.K., There is increasing interest in Africa and the Middle East as well, where several countries – including Cameroon, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda – have existing biomass power capacity or plans for future development.94 Construction of biogas projects (particularly landfill gas) in South Africa, Egypt, Tunisia, and Jordan, among others, has been driven in part by the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism.95 and new markets are emerging in the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Slovakia.79 Although Denmark is not one of the top producers, its share of generation from biomass has increased rapidly, from 3.1% of total electricity generation in 2000 to 8.1% in 2009.80 many existing coal- and gas-fired power plants are Germany’s total power output from biomass increased by an annual average of more than 22% during the past decade, to an estimated 28.7 TWh with a total of 4.9 GW capacity in 2010.81 By the end of 2010, bioenergy accounted for 5.5% of Germany’s total electricity con- sumption, making it the country’s second largest renew- plants and Australia had around 10.97 Japan had several coal plants that were demonstrating co-firing with biomass.98 Germany and the United Kingdom also gener- ate increasing amounts of electricity with solid biomass through co-firing, and an estimated 100 co-firing plants operated throughout Europe in 2010.99 82 able generating source after wind power. Most biomass n Solar Photovoltaic Power power in Germany comes from biogas, with capacity increasing more than 20% during 2010, and generating enough electricity for 4.3 million households.83 Germany generated about 13.8 TWh with biogas in 2010, followed by the U.K. (6.8 TWh) and Italy (2.1 TWh).84 Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity was added in more than Brazil’s biomass power capacity, nearly all cogeneration, has also been increasing steadily. Capacity reached 7.8 GW by the end of 2010, generating a total 28 TWh of electricity.85 Most generation is from CHP plants at sugar mills using sugarcane bagasse as feedstock. During the 2010 sugar harvesting season, sugarcane bagasse gener- ated 18.5 TWh of electricity, including 8.8 TWh of excess electricity that was exported into the grid.86 Biomass power has also grown significantly in several other Latin American countries, including Costa Rica, Mexico, and Uruguay.87 worldwide in 2010 (compared with just under 7.3 GW in 2009), bringing the global total to about 40 GW – more than seven times the capacity in operation five years earlier.101/I (See Figure 7.) Japan generated an estimated 10 TWh with biomass strong investor interest, and continued strong policy sup- in 2010, excluding co-firing with coal. Asia, China’s capacity rose about 25% in 2010 to 4 GW of capacity using a combination of sugarcane bagasse, solid biomass, organic waste, and biogas (including from livestock wastes).89 In India, biomass resources port, but also by accelerated tariff digressions in some Elsewhere in 22 I) Starting with this edition of the GSR, PV data include both on- and off-grid statistics unless otherwise noted. 88 103 countries. In addition to facilities that operate on 100% biomass, undergoing conversion to “co-firing” biomass with fossil 96 fuels. In 2010, the United States had about 40 such 100 countries during 2010, ensuring that PV remained the world’s fastest growing power-generation technol- 100 ogy. An estimated 17 GW of PV capacity was added Total existing capacity of all PV grew 72% relative to 2009, with the average annual growth rate over the 2005 to 2010 period exceeding 49% (for grid-connected only, corresponding growth rates were 81% and 60%). For the first time since 2005, thin film’s share of the market declined, from 17% in 2009 to 13% in 2010, although sales continued to increase.102 The PV market was driven by falling costs (see Industry section), new applications, The EU dominated the global PV market, accounting for 80% of the world total with about 13.2 GW newly installed – enough to meet the electricity consumptionPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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