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01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew capacity was under contract by year-end.116 California still leads the nation with 30% of the market (down from 80% in 2004/05).117 South Korea’s market (0.1 GW) declined for the second year in a row, but Australia’s market (0.3 GW) grew fourfold relative to 2009.118 The trend toward utility-scaleI PV plants continued, with the number of such systems exceeding 5,000 in 2010, up from just over 3,200 in 2009.119 These facilities totaled some 9.7 GW of capacity by the end of 2010, an increase of more than 3 GW during the year, and accounted for almost 25% of total global PV capacity.120 The EU continued to lead with 84% of the global total by year’s end, with Germany alone accounting for about one-third of global additions.121 By year-end, Spain had 32% of total installed utility-scale capacity, followed by Germany (26%), Italy (16%), the United States (7%), and the Czech Republic (6%).122 n Geothermal Power Other countries with utility-scale facilities by early 2011 included Bulgaria, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Mali, Thailand, and the United Arab Emirates (Abu Dhabi) – or a total of at least 30 countries.123 As with wind power, the trend is toward increasing project size, with nine of the world’s 15 largest PV plants completed in 2010.124 At the end of 2010, the world’s largest PV plant in operation was the 0.08 GW Sarnia facility in Ontario, Canada, which is expected to power 12,800 homes.125 Geothermal resources provide energy in the form of direct heat (see section on Heating and Cooling Markets) and electricity. Since 2005, significant additions of electric capacity have occurred in Iceland, Indonesia, New Zealand, the United States, and Turkey, and global electricity production from geothermal has increased more than 20%.131 Countries with lower capacity levels but high growth rates during this period include El Salvador (35%), Guatemala (58%), Papua New Guinea (more than 800%), and Portugal (81%).132 Interest in concentrating PV (CPV) is also on the rise, with as much as 0.02 GW connected to the grid world- wide during 2010 and early 2011, including projects or demonstrations in the U.S. state of California and in several countries, including Australia, Egypt, France, Italy, Jordan, Mexico, Spain, and South Africa.126 A number of large U.S. projects were announced in 2010, and power purchase agreements were signed for 0.3 GW with the utility Southern California Electric.127 Interest in building-integrated PV (BIPV) also increased in 2010 and extended beyond the traditional markets of France and Germany, with the largest BIPV project to-date commis- sioned in China.128 By the end of 2010, total global installations came to just over 11 GW, up an estimated 240 MW from 2009, and geothermal plants generated about 67.2 TWh of electric- ity during the year.133 Although geothermal developments slowed in 2010 relative to 2009, the lull was expected to be temporary.134 The lack of available drilling rigs (due to competition with the oil and gas industry) has hindered geothermal developers worldwide, while the lack of a qualified workforce has presented challenges in Kenya and elsewhere; it has been projected that by 2013, the need for drilling rigs in the United States alone will rise almost 150%.135 The vast majority of installed PV capacity today is grid-connected, with the off-grid sector accounting for a declining share with each passing year.129 Yet there is growing interest in off-grid and mostly small-scale systems, particularly in developing countries but also in developed countries. In Australia, an estimated 70% of solar PV is off-grid at remote homes, farms, and other locations, including the country’s largest PV tracker system, installed in 2010 as part of a hybrid solar/diesel power station in Western Australia.130 The three largest plants commissioned in 2010 were in New Zealand (the largest single-shaft turbine project ever developed, at 0.1 GW), Italy (0.04 GW), and Kenya (just under 0.04 GW).136 The addition in Kenya increased the plant’s capacity to 0.1 GW, making it the largest in Africa, and brought the country’s total installations above 0.2 GW.137 The United States added less than 0.2 GW of utility-scale geothermal power in 2010, down slightly compared with 2009.138 Turkey and Mexico also added capacity during the year.139 24 I) Utility-scale PV plants are defined as larger than 200 kilowatts (kW). By the beginning of 2011, geothermal power plants were operating in at least 24 countries, but the vast majority of global capacity was located in eight countries: the United States (3.1 GW), the Philippines (1.9 GW), Indonesia (1.2 GW), Mexico (just under 1 GW), Italy (0.9 GW), New Zealand (nearly 0.8 GW), Iceland (0.6 GW), and Japan (0.5 GW).140 Iceland, the leader on a per capita basis, generated about 26% of its electricity with geothermalPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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