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power in 2010, and the Philippines generated approxi- mately 18%.141 guarantees, permits for use of federal lands, and state renewable energy mandates (see Policy Landscape section).153 As the geothermal power market continues to broaden, a significant acceleration in the rate of deployment is expected, with advanced technologies allowing for development of geothermal power projects in new coun- tries.142 As of early 2011, nearly 0.8 GW of new capacity was in the drilling or construction phase in the United States and was expected to be generating by 2015; a total of 123 confirmed projects (accounting for up to 1.4 GW of resources) in 15 U.S. states were at some stage of development.143 Interest is also notable in North Africa and the Middle East, where at least 1.2 GW capacity is in the pipeline, including plants under construction in the United Arab Emirates and planned in Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Tunisia, and Morocco, which aims to have 2 GW of solar power by 2010.154 Several CSP projects are under construction in India, and China has indicated intentions to install CSP plants – including cogeneration designs to provide elec- tricity and space heat and/or process heat.155 Australia, South Africa, Mexico, and Italy also have initiated new projects or MW-sized pilot plants with announced inten- tions to proceed further.156 Globally, nearly 2.6 GW of additional CSP capacity (most of this in the United States and Spain) was under construction by late 2010, with all Iceland expects to add nearly 0.1 GW to an existing plant in 2011, and much more capacity is in project pipelines around the globe, with 46 countries forecast to have new geothermal capacity installed within the next five years.144 By late 2010, Germany had an estimated 150 projects in the pipeline, and projects were under devel- opment in Chile (0.2 GW), Costa Rica (0.4 GW), India (nearly 0.3 GW), and the U.K. (0.01 GW), among others.145 157 plants expected to be operational by 2014. n Concentrating Solar Thermal Power 158 nologies rather than CSP. Such substitutions toward After years of inactivity, the concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) market has come back to life with about 740 MW added between 2007 and end-2010.146 More than half of this capacity (approximately 478 MW) was installed during 2010, bringing the global total to 1,095 MW.147 The global market was dominated by parabolic trough plants, which account for 90% of CSP plants and for nearly all of the existing capacity in operation.148 PV may represent a growing trend, according to some experts, while others expect that the ability to provide thermal storage and enable dispatchability will remain an attractive attribute to utilities and thereby justify a moderately higher price for CSP.159 In response to a Royal Decree that provided an attractive price premium for solar energy, Spanish firms focused on CSP development, and significant capacity began to come on line in 2009. Spain added another 400 MW in 2010, taking the global lead with a total of 632 MW in operation.149 Hydropower is currently in use in some 150 countries.160 Global hydropower production increased more than 5% in 2010, due greatly to new capacity and wet weather in China, and represented about 16% of global electricity production.161 An estimated 30 GW of capacity was added during 2010, with existing global capacity reaching an estimated 1,010 GW.162 The United States ended the year with 509 MW of total capacity after adding 78 MW, including two hybrid plants – a 2 MW add-on to a coal plant and a 75 MW add-on to an integrated-gas combined cycle power plant (the first in the state of Florida).150 The top countries for hydro capacity are China, Brazil, the United States, Canada, and Russia, which account for 52% of total installed capacity.163 Ranked by generation, the order is China, Canada, Brazil, the United States, and Russia, because some countries (e.g., Canada) rely on hydropower for baseload supply whereas others (e.g., the United States) use it more to follow the electric load and match peaks.164 By region, Asia leads for share of installed global capacity, followed by Europe then North and South America, with Africa at a distant fifth.165 In early 2011, an additional 50 MW plant (Extresol-2) was officially inaugurated in Spain, a 20 MW CSP/natural gas hybrid plant began operating in Morocco, and the 20 MW CSP El Kuraymat hybrid plant in Egypt began partial operation.151 CSP growth is expected to continue at a rapid pace. As of April 2011, another 946 MW were under construction in Spain with total new capacity of 1,789 MW expected to be in operation by the end of 2013.152 In the United States, a further 1.5 GW of parabolic trough and power- tower plants were under construction as of early 2011, and contracts had been signed for at least another 6.2 GW of capacity, stimulated in great part by federal loan China added 16 GW during 2010 to reach an estimated 213 GW of total hydro capacity, a significant increase over the 117 GW in operation at the end of 2005.166 Brazil brought about 5 GW into operation, bringing its existing capacity to 80.7 GW, with a further 8.9 GW under construction.167 Canada generated about 348 TWh of electricity with hydropower in 2010, and added 500 MW of capacity to end the year with 75.6 GW.168 More than 25 At the same time, dramatic reductions in PV costs are challenging the growing CSP market, at least in the United States. During 2010, several planned projects in the country were redesigned to use utility-scale PV tech- n hydropower 01 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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