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01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew 11 GW of new projects were under construction across Canada by early 2011, with an estimated 1.3 GW due to become operational before the end of 2012.169 and for the application of pumped storage.188 times of peak demand. The vast majority of pumped storage capacity is in Europe, Japan, and the United States.190 About 4 GW of capacity was added globally in 2010 – including facilities in China, Germany, Slovenia, and the Ukraine – with approximately 136 GW operating worldwide by year’s end, up from 98 GW in 2005.191 By early 2011, a further 5 GW of capacity was under contract, and the market was expected to rise 60% over the next Development in the United States has slowed recently due to the economic recession, but just over 0.02 GW of new hydro began operating in 2010 for a total of 78 GW (plus 20.5 GW of pumped storage), producing 257 TWh during the year (up from 233.6 TWh in 2009).170 Russia has an estimated 55 GW, which represents about one- fifth of the country’s total electric capacity.171 Pumped storage entails pumping water from a lower to a higher reservoir to store energy for later use; it involves conversion losses and is not a source of energy. Interest in pumped storage is increasing, particularly in regions and countries where variable renewable resources are achieving relatively high penetration.189 Pumped storage is also used to capture higher power prices during Brazil and Canada generate roughly 80% and 61%, respectively, of their electricity with hydropower.172 Many countries in Africa produce close to 100% of their grid- 173 based electricity with hydro, as does Norway. Norway, Iceland, and New Zealand lead the world in per capita generation of hydropower.174 five years. The largest projects completed in 2010 included the 1.1 GW Nam Theun 2 hydropower plant in Laos, China’s 2.4 GW Jin’anqiao plant, Brazil’s 0.9 GW Foz do Chapeco plant, and two facilities (0.5 and 0.3 GW) in Ethiopia.175 Vietnam began partial operation of what will eventually be Southeast Asia’s largest hydro station (2.4 GW.)176 192 Many other countries continue to develop hydropower on large to small scales.177 During 2010, projects were completed in Ecuador (0.2 GW), Turkey (0.02 GW), and Uzbekistan (0.05 GW).178 Operation began at Australia’s first hydropower plant to use treated sewage water; this plant, in New South Wales, captures the potential energy as water falls down a 60-meter shaft.179 India, which ranks sixth worldwide for total hydro capacity, with an existing capacity of more than 40 GW (including 37.4 GW of large-scale), added about 0.3 GW of small-scaleI hydro in 2010 for a cumulative small-scale hydro capacity of 2.9 GW at year-end; another 0.9 GW of small-scale hydro were under construction as of early 2011.180 Brazil had 53 small-scale hydro projects (0.7 GW) under construction by early 2011, and 149 addi- tional plants (2.1 GW) had been authorized.181 Canada, Iran, Kazakhstan, and Switzerland also had significant amounts of small-scale hydropower under construction or in the planning stages.182 Rwanda aimed to have 0.04 GW of small-scale hydro capacity by 2015.183 n Ocean energy Asia (led by China) and Latin America (led by Brazil) are the most active regions for new hydro development.184 An additional 140 GW are planned for construction in China over the next five years.185 In collaboration with Iran, China also plans to build the world’s tallest dam – a 1.5 GW project in Iran’s Zagros Mountains.186 Brazil plans two major projects in the Amazon region, including a 3.2 GW reservoir project due for completion in late 2011.187 North America and Europe, also constructing new plants, are the main centers for modernization of existing plants by 2001.195 Otherwise, ocean energy saw little further development until recently. By the end of 2010, only tidal barrage systems had achieved commercial scale, and they accounted for most of the world’s installed ocean energy capacity.196 I) Note that small-scale hydropower is generally defined as less than 10 MW, but there are a number of exceptions including India (up to 25 MW) and Brazil (less than 30 MW). See Glossary for more information, and see Note on Accounting and Reporting of Installed Capacities for 26 treatment of hydropower in this report. Ocean energy is the least mature of the technologies con- sidered in this report, but interest is growing in a wide range of possible technologies.193 (See Sidebar 1.) Ocean energy technologies for generating electricity include wave, tidal (barrages and turbines), osmotic power, and ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) systems. The 240 MW La Rance tidal barrage began generating power off the French coast in 1966 and continues to pro- duce about 600 GWh annually.194 Additional tidal projects came on line over the years in Canada, Russia, and China, with an estimated 262 MW of capacity in operation However, in 2010 there were a handful of pre-commer- cial projects generating power with a range of technolo- gies. Although existing capacity remained low relative to other renewable technologies, numerous projects were in development or under contract, and at least 25PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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