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01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew n heaTInG anD COOlInG MaRkeTS rise and, for the first time, biomass’s share (32%) of Sweden’s total energy supply (heat, power, and trans- port) exceeded that of oil (31%).217 Denmark generates an estimated 10% of its power and a significant share of its heat from biomass in CHP plants.218 Modern biomass, solar, and geothermal energy cur- rently supply hot water and heat for tens of millions of buildings worldwide. Solar hot water collectors alone are used by more than 70 million households (most of them in China), as well as in many schools, hospitals, hotels, government, and commercial buildings. There is also a growing trend to use solar resources to generate process heat in industry, and interest is increasing in the use of solar energy for cooling purposes. Biomass and geothermal energy supply heat for industry, homes, and agriculture as well. Passive solar building designs provide a significant amount of heat (and light), and their numbers are also on the rise; due to lack of global data, however, they are not included here. Biomethane (purified biogas) has been used for power and heat in Europe for decades. It is injected into the nat- ural gas grid and used primarily in gas-powered cogen- eration plants. This application is growing in several countries, including Austria, the Netherlands, Sweden, n biomass heating biogas are Germany, the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Denmark.220 Germany did not begin developing biometh- ane until 2006 but is now far ahead of the rest of Europe. The number of projects has grown rapidly, driven greatly by a national feed-in tariff. By November 2010, 44 plants were injecting into the gas grid, with a total of 60 plants expected to be connected by year’s end, providing total production of 40,000 cubic meters per hour.221 Globally, modern biomass continues to provide the majority of heating produced with renewable sources. This includes heat derived from burning solid, liquid, and gaseous biomass for purposes ranging from cooking, to heating of water and space, to process heat. Applications range from individual residential-scale units to large district-heating systems, including combined heat and power (CHP) plants. Worldwide use of modern biomass for heat production totaled 11,600 petajoules (PJ) in 2008, the most recent year for which global data are available.212 Biomass pellets are also becoming an increasingly com- mon fuel in the EU. Whereas they are used primarily for electricity generation in Belgium and the Netherlands, in Sweden and Denmark pellets are burned mainly in CHP plants; elsewhere, they are used widely to heat residential and commercial buildings. The EU consumed more than 11 million tonnes of wood pellets in 2010, An estimated 234.5 PJ (5.6 mtoe) of heat from solid biomass and biogas were sold into district heat markets in Europe during 2009, with 97% using solid biomass. Heat is produced from a combination of CHP (64%) and heat-only plants (36%), with the mix varying by country depending on resource availability, the current energy supply system, and supporting policies. Domestic heating, whether through individual household systems (e.g., wood stoves) or district heat systems, accounts for the majority of solid biomass sold in Europe. 213 Biomass heat markets are expanding steadily in Europe, with Hungary, Poland, and the Netherlands seeing the highest growth rates in 2009.214 consumer in 2010 at 2 million tonnes, and Germany consumed almost 1 million tonnes.223 As a result, wood pellet exports to Europe from Canada (1 million tonnes in 2010) and the United States (0.6 million tonnes) doubled between 2008 and 2010.224 Sweden, Finland, and Denmark lead the European biomass heating market, together producing almost 70% of all biomass heat sold into district networks in the EU. Finland leads Europe for per capita heat production from solid biomass.215 However, total heat production declined slightly in Sweden and Finland during 2009, particu- larly in Finland where output continued to drop as the economic crisis caused further contraction in the wood Among developing countries, it is common to produce small- to large-scale power and heat from agricultural residues such as rice or coconut husks.226 The use of bagasse for power and heat production is significant in developed and developing countries that have a large sugarcane industry, including Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Cuba, Guatemala, India, Kenya, Mauritius, the Philippines, Tanzania, Thailand, and Uganda.227 For example, most of Thailand’s solid biomass capacity (see Biomass Power section) is from bagasse used for CHP.228 product and paper pulp industries. 216 In Sweden, biomass became the primary energy source for household heating in 2008, used either directly in heating appliances or via connections to district heating schemes. Although total heat sales to district networks The use of small-scale biogas plants is on the rise as well. 28 were down in 2009, solid biomass sales continued to 229 biogas, leads the world in the number of plants. India 219 and Switzerland. The top producers of heat with 222 an increase of 7% over 2009. Sweden was the largest Domestic firewood for heating is becoming increasingly popular as well. In the United States, the number of homes using firewood or pellets for heat increased in several states by 50% or more between 2000 and 2010. An estimated 12 million wood and pellet stoves and inserts were installed by early 2011, meaning that about one in every ten U.S. households had a biomass stove. Between 2.1 million and 2.6 million homes used wood as their primary or sole heat source.225 China, where an estimated 50 million households usePDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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