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added more than 60,000 small biogas plants during 2010 for a total of 4.3 million plants nationwide that are used to meet energy needs for cooking.230 Biomass gasifiers are used increasingly for heat applications in micro, small, and medium enterprises, and mixed-feed plants to produce biogas and bottle it or distribute it via pipelines are also becoming popular, with the residual digested solids used for soil fertilizers.231 installations declined for the second year in a row (off 26% relative to 2009) due greatly to the temporary halt and restructuring of the national rebate program, and to decreasing natural gas market prices.237 Germany added about 0.8 GWth for an existing capacity of 9.8 GWth by year’s end.238 The share of combination systems for both water and space heating increased to about two-thirds of the market.239 Austria (3.2 GWth) and Greece (2.9 GWth) continue to rank second and third, respectively, for total installed capacity.240 n Solar heating and Cooling Brazil added about 0.6 GWth in 2010.241 The Brazilian market has been increasingly rapidly in recent years, with most of the installations in the southeastern states.242 Elsewhere in Latin America there are very small but growing markets, including in Chile and Uruguay.243 Solar water heating technologies are becoming wide- spread and contribute significantly to hot water produc- tion in several countries. China, Germany, Turkey, India, and Australia led the market for newly installed capacity during 2009, with China, Turkey, Germany, Japan, and Greece taking the top spots for total installations by the end of that year.232 (See Figures 9 and 10, and Table R5.) Outside of China, Japan and India represent the largest markets in Asia. During 2010–11, India added about 0.35 GWth (0.5 million m2) of solar heat capacity for an estimated total of 2.8 GWth (3.97 million m2) at the end of January 2011.244 In 2010, existing solar water and space heating capacity increased by an estimated 25 gigawatts-thermal (GWth), or about 16%, to reach approximately 185 GWth, exclud- ing unglazed swimming pool heating.233 China added an estimated 17.5 GWth (25 million m2 of collectors) for a total of just under 118 GWth (168 million m2).234 The U.S. market (excluding unglazed swimming pool heating) is still relatively small but is gaining ground. California appears to have overtaken Hawaii’s lead, and these states are followed by Florida and Arizona.245 An estimated 35,500 systems (nearly 0.2 GWth) were installed nationally in 2010, representing 5% market growth and bringing total capacity close to 2.3 GWth.246 The slower rate of growth relative to 2009 was due to the economic crisis and to the low cost of competing home-heating fuels, which extended the payback period for solar heat systems.247 The European Union accounted for most of the remain- ing global added capacity. However, due to the economic recession, new installations continued to decline in some key European markets, including Austria, Germany, and France. The Greek and Italian markets increased slightly, while Spain’s market held constant in 2010 after increas- ing about 21% the previous year.235 Growth in develop- ing European markets – including the Czech Republic, Denmark, Poland, Portugal, Switzerland, and the U.K. – did not make up for the decrease in larger markets. Total EU additions in 2010 came to 2.6 GWth, down 10% relative to 2009 and nearly 19% below the 2008 market, bringing existing capacity to 25.1 GWth.236 In Africa, markets were expanding in Egypt, Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zimbabwe, among others.248 For example, Egypt had an estimated 1 GWth (700,000 m2) of solar thermal systems by the end of 2010, and Morocco’s collectors totaled an estimated 0.2 GWth (280,000 m2).249 Germany remained Europe’s largest installer, account- ing for nearly one-third of EU additions, but new 01 figure 9. Solar heating added Capacity, Top 12 Countries, 2009 China Other 80.3 % 8.2 % Germany 3.1 % Turkey India Australia 1.8 % 1.1 % 1.0 % Italy Austria, Spain, Brazil 0.9 % 0.7 % Israel, France Greece 0.5 % 0.4 % Source: Weiss and Mauthner, 2011 29 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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