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30 I) The share of heat use is lower than the share of capacity for heat pumps because they have a relatively low capacity factor. This is due to the fact that heat pumps generally have fewer load hours than other uses. As the share of heat pumps rises, output per unit of geothermal heat capacity is declining. Heat use is estimated with a coefficient of performance of 3.5. 01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew figure 10. Solar heating existing Capacity, Top 12 Countries, 2009 China Other 64 % 12 % existing capacity Turkey Germany 5 % 5 % 2 % 1 % Japan, Greece Israel, Brazil, Austria India, United States Australia, Italy Source: Weiss and Mauthner, 2011 Although it ranked 18th overall, Cyprus remained the world solar heating leader on a per capita basis at the end of 2009, with 554 kilowatts-thermal (kWth) per 1,000 inhabitants, followed by Israel (391 kWth).250 Austria, which had 315 kWth per 1,000 inhabitants in 2009, remained the leader in continental Europe, fol- lowed by Greece (266 kWth) and Germany (102 kWth).251 smaller systems that are often mounted on rooftops and that require lower operating temperatures.258 By early 2011, the biggest solar process-heat application was believed to be operating in Hangzhou, China; other plants also were operating in China and plans were under way to install systems in South Africa and elsewhere.259 Solar space heating and cooling are gaining ground as well, particularly in Europe. The most advanced solar thermal markets are in Austria, Germany, and Spain, where applications include water and space heating for dwellings of all sizes, hotels, and large-scale plants for district heating, air conditioning, and cooling.252 An estimated 115 solar supported heating networks and 11 solar cooling systems were operating in Europe by the end of 2009.253 Global direct use of geothermal energy continued to rise in 2010, with capacity reaching an estimated 51 GWth by year end.260 Over the past decade, heat output from geothermal sources increased by an average rate of almost 9% (4% if heat pumps are not included), reach- ing about 439 petajoules (PJ) annually.261 Most of this increase is associated with ground-source heat pumps, which have grown an average of 25% annually over the past decade.262 Canada and Saudi Arabia also had significant systems installed. A 0.03 GWth system commissioned in Riyadh in early 2011 to provide hot water and space heat for 40,000 university students overtook an installation in Marstal, Denmark, to become the world’s largest.254 What may become the world’s largest solar cooling plant (3,900 m2, or 0.003 GWth) was under construction in Singapore in early 2011.255 In 2010, ground-source heat pumps, at 35.5 GW , th Solar heat and steam can be used for various industrial processes as well, although this is the least developed solar thermal technology. A number of solar industrial process heat installations came on line during 2009 and 2010, but only about 100 projects are operational worldwide.256 Temperatures below 100°C can be produced with typical flat plate or vacuum tube collec- tors such as those used in smaller systems that are often mounted on rooftops.257 Higher temperatures require parabolic trough or linear Fresnel collectors and good solar resources comparable to CSP, but generally with accounted for some 70% of global direct geothermal capacity and nearly 50% of direct heat use (214.8 PJ).263/I Almost 25% of geothermal direct heat was used for bathing and swimming applications; more than 14% for heating (primarily district heat); and the remainder for greenhouses, industrial purposes, aquaculture pond heating, agricultural drying, snow melting, cooling, and other uses.264 n Geothermal Direct use At least 78 countries used direct geothermal energy in 2010, up from 72 in 2005 and 58 in 2000.265 The United States led the world for installed capacity, with just over 12.6 GWth, followed by China (9 GWth), Sweden (4.5 GWth), Germany (2.5 GWth, including 2.2 GWth from heat pumps and 0.1 GWth deep geothermal for district and building heat), and Japan (2.1 GWth).266 These five coun- tries accounted for 64% of total global capacity in 2010.267PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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