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Installed heat pump capacity has more than doubled since 2005, with use increasing from 33 countries in 2005 to 43 in 2010.271 An estimated 2.9 million ground-source heat pumps were operating worldwide during 2010, with most installations in the United States, China, and Europe.272 The United Kingdom, South Korea, Ireland, Spain, and the Netherlands saw large increases in installed capacity of direct-use geothermal between 2005 and 2010, with heat pumps accounting for all additions.273 higher shares in some countries (e.g., 4% in the United States) and regions (3% in the EU) and provided a very large contribution in Brazil, where ethanol from sugar cane accounted for 41.5%I of light duty transport fuel during 2010.280 The United States was the world’s largest producer of biofuels, followed by Brazil and the European Union.280/II Despite continued increases in production, growth rates for biodiesel slowed again in 2010, whereas ethanol production growth picked up new momentum.282 (See Figure 11.) Use of geothermal energy for CHP is also on the rise. In late 2010, 130 MWth of heat capacity began operat- ing at Iceland’s Hellisheiði power plant near Reykjavik (eventually it will be one of the world‘s largest, with 300 MW electric and 400 MW of thermal capacity).274 Other geothermal CHP plants under construction by early 2011 included the first commercial geothermal plant in Cornwall, England, and a 10 MW German facility in Bavaria, which will provide electricity and district heat.275 This section focuses on biofuels for transport, which include ethanol – made primarily from corn and sugar cane – and biodiesel, produced from virgin plant oils, waste vegetable oil, animal fats, fish oil, and algae (not yet produced on a commercial scale). Corn accounts for more than half of global ethanol production, mainly in the United States, and sugar cane accounts for more than one-third, mainly in Brazil.III Most biofuel is used for road transport, with a limited amount in the marine transport sector, and interest is growing in the use of biodiesel as a potential fuel for aviation (still at the pilot stage).283 Renewable energy is used in the transport sector in the form of electricity, renewably produced hydrogen, biogas, and liquid biofuels. In 2010, global production of fuel ethanol reached an estimated 86 billion liters, an increase of 17% over 2009.284 (See Figure 11 and Table R6.) The United States and Brazil accounted for 88% of ethanol production in 2010, with the United States alone producing 57% of the world’s total.285 n TRanSPORT fuel MaRkeTS n ethanol Electricity is used to power trains, subways, and a small but growing number of electric passenger cars and bicycles. The EU Renewable Energy Directive, which includes renewable electricity in the 10% transportation target, will help drive this sector forward. As the number of electric vehicles increases and the share of electricity from renewables rises, renewable energy’s role in the transport sector will increase as well; electric vehicles also can enable increased penetration of variable renewables by helping to balance demand and supply. (See Sidebar 7 on grid integration.) However, due to the small scale and lack of data, renewable electricity is not included in this section. Hydrogen is not included for the same reason. The United States accounted for most of the increase, producing 8.4 billion more liters in 2010 than in 2009, for a total of 49 billion liters.286 Well over 90% of U.S. gasoline was blended with ethanol.287 Approximately 3% of the world’s grain supply was used to produce this ethanol, with almost 32.5 million tonnes of animal feed as a co-product.288 After several years as a net importer, the United States became a net exporter in 2010, sending a record 1.3 billion liters of fuel ethanol overseas, mainly to Canada, Jamaica, the Netherlands, the United Arab Emirates, and Brazil.289 Limited but growing quantities of biogas are fueling trains, buses, and other vehicles.276 In Austria, France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland, biomethane is being Long the world’s leading ethanol exporter, Brazil con- tinued to lose international market share to the United States, particularly in its traditional markets in Europe.290 I) These are energy-based values; in terms of volume, ethanol accounted for 48% of Brazilian light-duty transportation fuels. II) Note that there is a difference between the production of biofuels and the source of biomass feedstock. Some countries produce large volumes of biofuels but import much of the raw biomass feedstock from elsewhere. Liquid biofuels make a small but growing contribution to fuel usage worldwide, providing about 2.7% of global 279 road transport fuels in 2010. They accounted for III) The environmental, social, and other costs of biofuels, including lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions, can be significant without safeguards and vary according to several factors including feedstock, land use changes, and refining processes. In general, ethanol made from corn has higher associated environmental impacts than that made from sugar cane. For more information and efforts to improve the sustainability of biofuels production and use, see Sidebar 7 in the Renewables 2010 Global Status Report. 31 01 China led in actual annual energy production at 21 TWh, followed by the United States (15.7 TWh), Sweden (12.6 TWh), Turkey (10.2 TWh), Japan (7.1 TWh), and Iceland (6.8 TWh).268 Accounting for the average annual energy use per person, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, New Zealand, and Denmark led the way.269 About 90% of Iceland’s heating demand was derived from geothermal resources in 2010.270 used primarily in bus and car fleets.277 In 2010, biogas made up 11% (on an energy basis) of the total 5.7% biofuels share of transport fuels in Sweden.278 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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