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32 The slowdown in many countries was due to increased competition with relatively cheap imports from outside the EU (including Canada, Argentina, and increasingly 01GlObal MaRkeT OVeRVIew figure 11. ethanol and biodiesel Production, 2000–2010 Billion liters 90 Ethanol 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 80 70 Biodiesel 60 50 40 30 20 10 73 66 17 19 0.8 1.0 21 1.4 24 1.9 29 2.4 31 3.7 39 11 6.6 16 17 50 86 19 2010 Source: F.O. Licht Adverse weather conditions hampered global harvest- ing of sugar cane, pushing up prices.291 As a result, U.S. corn-based ethanol became relatively cheaper in international markets (although it was subsidized, unlike Brazilian ethanol).292 However, Brazil’s ethanol produc- tion increased more than 7% in 2010, to 28 billion liters, and the country accounted for nearly one-third of the global total.293 Indonesia). This trend is leading to plant closures from reduced domestic production requirements, an expan- sion of tariffs on imports, and increases in some blending mandates.302 Biodiesel production declined in several China, at 2 billion liters, remained Asia’s largest ethanol producer, followed by Thailand and India, which more than doubled its annual production to 0.4 billion liters.294 In the European Union, the United Kingdom saw the larg- est increase with annual production rising about 325% to 0.32 billion liters.295 France and Germany remained the largest European producers in 2010.296 Other important producers included Canada, Colombia, Poland, and Spain.297 Africa represents a tiny share of world produc- tion but saw continued rapid growth in production during 2010.298 Germany remains the world’s top biodiesel producer at 2.9 billion liters in 2010, followed by Brazil, Argentina, France, and the United States.304 Consumption in Germany has declined significantly since the elimination of Germany’s biodiesel tax credit. The greatest drop in demand has been in pure vegetable oil and B100 (100% unblended biodiesel). In contrast, the use of blended biodiesel has increased during this period due to the national blending quota, and total production rose in 2010.305 n biodiesel 306 was exported. In the United States, biodiesel produc- Global biodiesel production increased 7.5% in 2010, to nearly 19 billion liters, giving a five-year average (end-2005 through 2010) of 38% growth. Biodiesel production is far less concentrated than ethanol, with the top 10 countries accounting for just under 75% of total production in 2010.299 tion fell more than 40%, the second year of decline.307 Almost 12% of biodiesel production occurred in Asia (up from 10% in 2009), with most of this from palm oil in Indonesia and Thailand.308 The European Union remained the center of global biodiesel production, with more than 10 billion liters and representing nearly 53% of total output in 2010.300 Biodiesel accounted for the vast majority of biofuels consumed in the EU, but growth in the region continued to slow, with production increasing only 2% in 2010, down from a 19% growth rate in 2009 (and 65% growth rate in 2005).301 EU countries, including Belgium, Slovakia, Spain, and the United Kingdom; France held level with its 2009 output.303 The greatest production increase was seen in Brazil (up 46% to 2.3 billion liters) and in Argentina, which continued its rapid growth with production up 57% over 2009 to 2.1 billion liters, three-quarters of whichPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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