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01 Table 1. Status of Renewable energy Technologies: Characteristics and Costs Technology Typical Characteristics n Power Generation Large hydro Small hydro On-shore wind Off-shore wind Biomass power Geothermal power Plant size: 10 MW–18,000 MW Plant size: 1–10 MW Turbine size: 1.5–3.5 MW; Rotor diameter: 60–100 meters Turbine size: 1.5–5 MW; Rotor diameter: 70–125 meters Plant size: 1–20 MW Solar PV (module) Plant size: Types: 1–100 MW; binary, single- and double-flash, natural steam Solar PV (concentrating) Efficiency: crystalline 12–19%; thin film 4–13% 25% 2–5 kWpeak 200 kW to 100 MW Rooftop solar PV Efficiency: Utility-scale solar PV Peak capacity: Concentrating solar thermal power (CSP) Peak capacity: Biomass heating Solar hot water/heating Geothermal heating n biofuels Ethanol Biodiesel n Rural energy Mini-hydro Micro-hydro Pico-hydro Biogas digester Biomass gasifier Small wind turbine Household wind turbine Village-scale mini-grid Solar home system Plant size: Types: 50–500 MW (trough), 10–20 MW (tower) trough, tower, dish n hot water/heating/Cooling 2–5 m2 (household); 20–200 m2 (medium/multi-family); 0.5–2 MWth (large/district heating); evacuated tube, flat-plate Plant size: Size: 1–20 MWth Types: Plant capacity: Types: 1–10 MWth heat pumps, cooling, direct use, chillers Feedstocks: Feedstocks: sugar cane, sugar beets, corn, cassava, sorghum, wheat (and cellulose in the future) soy, rapeseed, mustard seed, palm, jatropha, waste vegetable oils, and animal fats Plant capacity: Plant capacity: Plant capacity: Digester size: Size: 100–1,000 kW 1–100 kW 0.1–1 kW 6–8 m3 20–5,000 kW 3–100 kW 0.1–3 kW 10–1,000 kW 20–100 W Turbine size Turbine size: System size: System size: Notes: Data are unchanged from 2010 report edition with the exception of solar PV costs, which have been updated per EPIA to reflect recent trends in solar PV costs and characteristics in Europe. A full update of all costs was not done for the 2011 edition but will be done in 2012. In particular, a number of new publications in 2011 provide new cost data, which will be synthesized with expert estimation for the next edition. All costs in this table are indicative economic costs, levelized, and exclusive of subsidies or policy incentives. Typical energy costs are under best conditions, including system design, siting, and resource availability. Optimal conditions can yield lower costs, and less favorable conditions can yield substantially higher costs. Costs of off-grid hybrid power systems that employ renewables depend strongly on system size, location, and associated items such as diesel backup and battery storage. Costs for solar PV vary by latitude and amount of solar insolation. Costs for biomass power depend on type of biomass resource. Source: Data compiled from a variety of sources, including NREL, World Bank, IEA, and various IEA implementing agreements. Many current estimates are unpublished. Historically, no single published source has provided a comprehensive or authoritative view on the costs of all technolo- gies, although recent sources in 2011 are more comprehensive. For further cost references, see IPCC, Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, May 2011, at http://srren.ipcc-wg3.de/; World Bank/ESMAP, Technical and Economic Assessment: Off Grid, Mini- Grid and Grid Electrification Technologies (Washington, DC: 2007); and IEA, Deploying Renewables: Principles for Effective Policies (Paris: 2008). PV costs data from Gaëtan Masson, European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA), personal communication with REN21, 5 April 2011. Typical energy Costs (U.S. cents/kilowatt-hour) 3–5 5–12 5–9 10–20 5–12 4–7 – – 17–34 15–30 14–18 (trough) 2–20 (household) 1–15 (medium) 1–8 (large) 1–6 0.5–2 30–50 cents/liter (sugar) 60–80 cents/liter (corn) (gasoline equivalent) 40–80 cents/liter (diesel equivalent) 5–12 7–30 20–40 n/a 8–12 15–25 15–35 25–100 40–60 33 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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