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46 03InDuSTRy TRenDS second-generation fuels with Iogen Energy of Canada. Bunge acquired Moema’s five crushing plants, and Louis Dreyfus acquired Brazil’s second largest sugarcane group, Santelisa Vale.65 By the end of 2010, sugar prices rose to the point that Brazilian ethanol could no longer be exported economi- cally to the United States. Around 44% (up from 42% in 2008–09) of the sugarcane harvest was allocated to sugar production, leaving only 55% for ethanol produc- tion.66 In response to strong demand and the need for increased production, Brazil approved a plan in 2010 to invest over $400 billon in the industry in order to meet domestic demand while also targeting a future tripling of 67 ethanol exports to 9.9 billion liters/year. Although advanced biofuels were not yet being produced commercially at scale during 2010, the diversity of players in the advanced biofuels industry continued to increase. Participants included traditional oil companies, major aviation companies, and young, rapidly growing firms. n biodiesel Industry Producers in the EU continued to lead the biodiesel industry in 2010. However, affected negatively by rising rapeseed oil costs and cheaper imports, many EU producers operated at an average of 50% capacity or lower, similar to their 2009 levels. The 245 biodiesel plants in the EU-27 had 25 billion liters (21.9 million tonnes) of capacity, but produced only 10 billion liters of biodiesel in 2010.68 Palm oil imports from Indonesia stood at 135 million liters (120,000 tonnes) in 2010, and were expected to rise to 565 million liters (500,000 tons) in 2011; further pressure comes from recycled oil, which is taking a share of the market from biodiesel refiners. The aviation industry, which has committed almost exclusively to advanced biofuels, made major strides in 2010. Commercial airlines such as Lufthansa, Virgin Atlantic, Quantas, KLM, and Alaska Airlines, as well as the Royal Dutch Air Force and the U.S. Air Force, launched bio-ethanol initiatives or test flights. British Airways and Quantas launched a joint venture with Solena Fuels to support commercial biofuels refineries that convert wood and agricultural wastes to aviation fuels. In Brazil, a coalition led by developer Curcas launched the world’s largest aviation bio-kerosene plant jointly with BP, Airbus, TAM Airlines, and Brasil EcoDiesel.76 Producers of advanced biofuels including Amyris, ClearFuels, Sapphire Energy, Solazyme, and Solena Fuels have all made aviation fuels a focus.77 Following complaints that low-cost U.S. B99 biodiesel was being sold through Canada and Singapore to the EU starting in late 2006, the European Commission initiated a probe in August of 2010.69 Consolidation in the sector continued in the EU, with deals such as Glencore’s GLEN.UL takeover of Biopetrol.70 The companies Algenol, Martek, Solix, BioArchitecture, Accelergy, and Synthetic Genomics were also actively developing algae-based fuels during 2010. Overall, approximately 25 of the estimated 100 firms active in the algae space have made the transition from the labora- tory to the pilot phase during the recession.78 Pilot and demonstration plants operating in 2010 included Solix’s 28,000 liter plant and Sapphire Energy’s 2.6 million liter facility. The current cost estimate for photosynthetic microalgael biofuel production is $7 per liter.79 In Brazil, biodiesel production increased 50% over 2010, mostly in response to a domestic biodiesel blending mandate of 5% that was established in January 2010. By the end of 2010, there were 68 biodiesel plants operating in Brazil.71 The country’s largest firms are Granol, Brasil Ecodiesel, Caramuru, Petrobras, and ADM Brasil.72 In November 2010, Nestle Oil opened the world’s largest renewable diesel plant so far, in Singapore. The com- pany’s vegetable oil-based NExBTL process plant will produce about 900 million liters (800,000 metric tonnes) of fuel per year.73 Traditional oil companies have begun to enter the algae industry. ExxonMobil has arranged a deal with Synthetic Genomics, and Shell with Cellana; Conoco Philips, Petrobras, and Neste Oil are supporting academic research or conducting internal studies.80 Choren and Neste Oil both made advanced-biofuels investments in Europe prior to 2010, and Abengoa Bioenergy’s 480 mil- lion liter facility in Rotterdam opened in April 2010.81 One of the fastest growing biodiesel industries is found in Argentina, where 23 biodiesel suppliers have responded to the increased national blending requirement for 74 B7 (up from B5 in September). Seven firms, led by local group Vicentín, represented almost 50% of the local market in 2010, although they sold most of their production to the export market.75 n advanced biofuels IndustryPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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