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03 Sidebar 4. JObS In Renewable eneRGy and maintenance, as well as in biofuels feedstocks. Jobs are expected to grow apace with industry and market growth, although increasing automation of manufacturing and economies of scale in installation services may moderate the rate of jobs growth below that of market growth. Worldwide, jobs in renewable energy industries exceeded 3.5 million in 2010. (See Table.) A 2008 report by UNEP on jobs in renewable energy observes that while developed economies have shown the most technological leadership in renewable energy, developing countries are playing a growing role and this is reflected in employment. Some countries keep track of total jobs from renew- able energy. For example, the German government estimates 370,000 jobs currently, and the Spanish government estimates more than 70,000 jobs currently. China, Brazil, and India account for a large share of global total employment in renewables, having strong roles in the wind power, solar hot water, and/ or biofuels industries. In addition to manufacturing, many of these jobs are in installations, operations, estimated jobs Industry worldwide Selected national estimates > 1,500,000 ~ 630,000 ~ 300,000 ~ 350,000 Brazil 730,000 for sugarcane and ethanol production Biofuels Wind power Solar hot water Solar PV China 150,000 / Germany 100,000 / United States 85,000 / Spain 40,000 / Italy 28,000 / Denmark 24,000 / Brazil 14,000 / India 10,000 China 250,000 / Spain 7,000 Biomass power - Hydropower - Geothermal - Biogas - Solar thermal power ~ 15,000 Total estimated > 3,500,000 China 120,000 / Germany 120,000 / Japan 26,000 / United States 17,000 / Spain 14,000 Note: Figures are rounded to nearest 1,000 or 10,000 as all numbers are rough estimates and not exact. Germany 120,000 / United States 66,000 / Spain 5,000 Europe 20,000 / United States 8,000 / Spain 7,000 Germany 13,000 / United States 9,000 Germany 20,000 Spain 1,000 / United States 1,000 There are significant uncertainties associated with most of the numbers presented here, related to such issues as accounting methods, industry definition and scope, direct vs. indirect jobs, and displaced jobs from other industries (net vs. gross job creation). The greatest uncertainties occur in biofuels jobs estimates, where the distinction between direct and indirect jobs can be interpreted and analyzed using different methods and definitions; Renner, Sweeny, and Kubit (2008) estimated 1.2 million jobs from biofuels, including indirect jobs. See also Kammen, Kapadia and Fripp (2004) for general discussion of jobs estimates. In addition, it is possible to estimate the number of direct jobs associated with a specific technology through the use of “employment factors.” For example, jobs associated with the on-shore wind industry are 15 person-years in construction and manufacturing per MW produced, and 0.4 jobs in operations and maintenance per MW existing, according to the European Wind Energy Association (2009). Similar estimates for the solar PV sector are 38 person-years per MW produced and 0.4 jobs per MW existing, according to the European Photovoltaics Industry Association. These factors do not account for indirect jobs. The “employment factors” method was employed in analyses done specifically for the 2005 and 2007 editions of this report, which estimated 1.7 million jobs in 2004 (including 0.9 million jobs in biofuels production) and 2.4 million jobs in 2006 (including 1.1 million jobs in biofuels production). Source: See Endnote 82 for this section. 47 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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