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Across the policy landscape, many other types of policies are promoting renewable power generation. (See Table 2.) At least 52 countries offer some type of direct capital investment subsidy, grant, or rebate. Investment tax cred- its, import duty reductions, and/or other tax incentives are also common means for providing financial support at the national level in many countries, and also at the state level in the United States, Canada, and Australia. Energy production payments or credits, sometimes called “premiums,” exist in a handful of countries. These are typically a fixed price per kilowatt-hour, or may be a percentage of other utility tariffs or baselines. A variety of countries, states, and provinces have established special renewable energy funds used to directly finance investments, provide low-interest loans, or facilitate markets in other ways, for example through research, education, and quality or performance standards. n GReen eneRGy PuRChaSInG anD labelInG Countries continue to employ public competitive bidding for fixed quantities of renewable power capacity, in a variety of formats and levels. Net metering (also called “net billing”) is an important policy for rooftop solar PV (as well as other renewables) that allows self-generated power to offset electricity purchases. Net metering laws now exist in at least 14 countries and almost all U.S. states. And finally, new forms of electric utility regulation and planning are emerging that target the integration There are currently more than 6 million green power consumers in Europe, the United States, Australia, Japan, and Canada.72 Green power purchasing and utility green pricing programs are growing, aided by a combination of supporting policies, private initiatives, utility programs, and government purchases. The three main vehicles for green power purchases are: utility green pricing pro- grams, competitive retail sales by third-party producers enabled through electricity deregulation/liberalization (also called “green marketing”), and voluntary trading of renewable energy certificates.73 of renewables into power grids at increasing levels of Germany has become the world’s green power leader, with a market that grew from 0.8 million residential customers in 2006 to 2.6 million in 2009.74 These consumers purchased 7 TWh of green electricity in 2009 (6% of the nation’s total electricity consumption). In addition to residential consumers, 150,000 business and other customers purchased over 10 TWh in 2009 (9.5% of total electricity consumption). Other major European green power markets are Austria, Finland, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, although the market share of green power in these countries is less than 5%. 71 penetration. (See Sidebar 7.) Australia’s 900,000 residential and 34,000 business consumers collectively purchased 1.8 TWh of green power in 2008. In Japan, the green power certificate market grew to 227 GWh in 2009 with more than 50 sellers.75 The Green Heat Certificate Program began in 2010 for solar thermal, with biomass joining in 2011.76 In South Africa, at least one company offers green power to retail customers using renewable electricity produced from bagasse combustion in sugar mills. Some governments require that utilities offer green energy options to their consumers. In the United States, where green pricing programs are offered by more than 850 utilities, regulations in several states require utilities or electricity suppliers to offer green power products.77 More than 1.4 million U.S. consumers purchased 30 TWh 57 04 and Tobago also adopted measures for the promotion of renewable energy, introducing a variety of tax credits, exemptions and allowances for wind turbines, solar PV and solar hot water systems.70 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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