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04POlICy lanDSCaPe Sidebar 7. GRID InTeGRaTIOn anD COMPleMenTaRy InfRaSTRuCTuRe As the share of renewable power increases in elec- tricity grids around the world, the technologies and policies for grid integration – to handle the variabil- ity of some renewables – are advancing as well. On some national power grids, non-hydro renewables already make up large shares of total generation, for example 21% of Spain’s electricity and nearly 14% of Germany’s. (See the Global Market Overview section of this report.) Variable renewable sources – particu- larly wind and solar – are growing rapidly in these countries, as well as in Denmark, Portugal, Ireland, some U.S. states, and many other places. pioneering example of a separate power control cen- ter (CECRE) dedicated to renewable energy, which allows the transmission operator Red Eléctrica to monitor and control, in real time, renewable power generation around the country. Traditionally, electric power supply systems have provided enough flexibility to meet variable power demands, which can differ significantly by time of day and season of year. Conventional power plants offer some flexibility to adjust their output, on a response scale that ranges from minutes for natural gas and hydro plants (including pumped hydro stor- age) to hours for coal plants. Nuclear plants offer the least flexibility. Smart grid controls and intelligent load management (also called “demand response” or “load control”) have begun to extend the level of flexibility of power systems in ways that make higher shares of renew- able energy possible at competitive economic cost. Such complementary technologies and practices support renewable energy development, especially in the presence of facilitating regulations and poli- cies, although they can go only so far in extending the flexibility of traditional power grids. The existing flexibility of power grids offers some capability for integrating variable renewables up to a certain level of penetration. This level depends on the strength of the transmission grid, the degree and capacity of interconnection, the amount of existing reservoir or pumped hydro capacity, and the amount of generation that can be run on a flexible basis. The share of renewable generation that can be accom- modated from this existing flexibility may vary from just a few percent on weak, inflexible grids to 30% or more on strong, flexible grids. a form of storage, may allow even higher levels of renewable penetration, although some experts are convinced that intelligent load control by itself could provide enough additional flexibility without the need for more advanced storage technologies. Power dispatch models that incorporate day-ahead weather forecasts for wind speeds and solar insola- tion have also become standard power system tools for handling more variable renewables. Beyond these standard tools, Spain in 2007 established a Geographic distribution of renewable energy project sites can also help to reduce variability by increasing resource diversity. Policies that influence the location and siting of wind and solar resources can explicitly enhance this diversity, as can policies for transmis- sion grid planning and strengthening. In addition, having a diverse portfolio of renewable technologies that naturally balance each other, and including dispatchable renewables like hydro and biomass, can enable higher penetration levels. In the longer term, advanced technologies and prac- tices such as grid-connected energy storage (batter- ies or other forms of storage) and electric vehicles with “vehicle to grid” capability that functions as Source: See Endnote 71 for this section. 58PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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