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The European Energy Certificate System (EECS) frame- work has 18 member countries and allows the issue, transfer, and redemption of voluntary renewable energy certificates (RECs). It also provides “guarantee-of-origin” certificates in combination with RECs to enable renew- able electricity generators to confirm origin. During 2009, 209 TWh of certificates were issued, more than triple the number in 2006.81 Norway, a major hydro- power producer, issued 62% of all certificates under the EECS, virtually all of which were hydropower. In other European countries, green power labels such as “Grüner strom” and “Ok-power” in Germany and “Naturemade star” in Switzerland have been introduced to strengthen consumer confidence. Renewable energy heating and cooling policies are not being enacted as aggressively, nor implemented as rapidly, as policies for electricity or transport biofuels. Still, many more policies for heating and cooling have emerged in recent years, reflecting the significant poten- tial for heating from modern biomass, direct geothermal, and solar hot water/heating. Already the energy from these forms of heating exceeds, in total final energy terms, the energy from all non-hydro renewable electric- ity as well as all biofuels.89 (See Figure 1.) Price premiums for green power over conventional electricity tariffs have tended to decline in recent years.82 For example, retail green power premiums for residential and small commercial consumers in the United States were typically U.S. 1–3 cents/kWh over the past several years, but recently some premiums have fallen below 1 cent/kWh.83 Disclosure of renewable energy shares on consumer bills is used in Italy and elsewhere to help drive demand.84 In general, green labeling programs pro- vide information to consumers about energy products. They are either government mandated or voluntary guar- antees that the products meet pre-determined sustain- ability criteria, including specified shares of renewable energy content. Labeling can therefore facilitate volun- tary decisions for green energy purchasing. However, having several different labels can cause confusion for electricity consumers.85 In particular, mandates for solar hot water in new construction represent a strong and growing trend at both the national and local levels. Israel for a long time was the only country with a national-level mandate, but Spain followed with a national building code in 2006 that requires minimum levels of solar hot water in new construction and renovation. Many other countries have followed suit. India’s nationwide energy conservation code requires at least 20% of water heating capacity from solar for residential buildings, hotels, and hospitals with centralized hot water systems.92 South Korea’s new 2010 mandate requires on-site renewable energy to contribute at least 5% of total energy consumption for new public buildings larger than 1,000 square meters. Uruguay mandates solar hot water for some types of commercial buildings with high hot water requirements like hotels and sports clubs. In 2009, Hawaii became the first U.S. state to mandate solar hot water in new single- family homes, a policy that entered into force in 2010. Voluntary purchases of “green” energy by consumers are most commonly made for renewable electricity, but they also are possible for renewable heat and transport biofuels. For example, in New Zealand one independent transport fuel company, to distinguish itself commer- cially from the major oil companies in the market, offers a 10% ethanol blend and a 5% biodiesel blend.86 These fuels were initially sold at a higher “green” price, but with recent oil price increases they have actually become a cheaper option. The 2009 New Zealand Biodiesel Grant scheme and Emission Trading Scheme have also helped to promote green energy purchases.87 One example of a recent new policy is the 2010 solar hot water/heating National Strategic Reference Framework (QREN) in Portugal.93 The QREN is a protocol established with several commercial banks to facilitate investment in solar hot water/heating for residential installations and also installations by small (45% non-refundable grant) and medium-sized (40% grant) enterprises. Another example is the Brazilian program “Minha casa, minha vida” (My House, My Life), which is targeting 300,000–400,000 solar water heaters in social housing projects.94 The Brazil program targets 15 million m2 of total solar collector area by 2015, up from 6 million m2 in 2010. In Spain, in addition to the national solar hot water 59 Heat is supplied through district heating systems in a number of countries, but for most buildings and indus- tries it is supplied on-site using a wide range of individ- ual appliances and fuels.90 Recent policies for renewable heating and cooling have favored regulatory approaches that mandate energy shares or equipment requirements, although policy approaches based on quotas are gaining momentum. Governments have traditionally relied on direct capital grants and tax credits for purchasing and installing renewable heating technologies, but new policies that provide public budget neutrality have been gaining favor.91 04 of green power in 2009, up from 18 TWh in 2007.78 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Green Power Partnership grew to more than 1,300 corporate and institutional partners that purchased more than 19 TWh of electricity by the end of 2010.79 The largest consumer, Intel, nearly doubled its purchases in 2010, to 2.5 TWh. Other innovative green power purchasing models are emerging in the United States. For example, some utili- ties enable customers to purchase shares in a community solar project and then obtain a credit on their utility bill equivalent to their share of the project output.80 n heaTInG anD COOlInG POlICIeS RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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