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Policies to support electric vehicle deployment are also starting to appear, although such policies do not neces- sarily require or imply that the electricity used will be renewable. Several countries have announced targets that together would result in over 20 million electric battery vehicles (EVs) operating by 2020, equating to around 2% of light-duty vehicle stocks.116 EVs could become part of a future smart grid with integrated storage from their batteries enabling higher shares of electricity from variable renewable sources.117 (See Sidebar 7.) n CITy anD lOCal GOVeRnMenT POlICIeS Several cities, at times supported by national and state funding, have anticipated the expanding use of EVs (including both two- and four-wheel designs and plug-in hybrids) by providing public recharging infrastructure.118 And some cities are mandating that the electricity supplying these recharging stations be provided through green power purchases, a first step toward linking renewable electricity with EVs. City and local governments around the world continue to enact policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy. Their motives are multi-fac- eted, including climate protection, improved air quality, energy security, and sustainable local development. And these governments can play multiple roles – as decision- makers, planning authorities, managers of municipal infrastructure, and role models for citizens and busi- nesses. National governments are progressively taking note that multiple local and decentralized actions can effectively pool efforts toward national energy security, albeit still at a small scale at this stage.126 London boroughs have received support from Transport for London to provide on- and off-street recharging.119 Owners of electric vehicles are exempted from paying the London congestion charge and, from January 2011, pur- chasers of EVs can receive a GBP 5,000 U.K. government subsidy.120 The government is committed to mandating a national recharging network for EVs and further invest- ment in research and development activities supporting advanced vehicle technologies.121 In Paris, more than 110 recharging points already exist.122 More and more local governments are setting targets for increasing the generation and use of renewable energy, whether within wider programs and city cooperation projects or as individual council decisions. Interest in aiming for 100% local renewables is growing, mainly among smaller communities that face a simpler transi- tion process. This is influenced by unstable energy prices, the need for secure and safe energy, and the recognition among leaders that their communities have green development potential. The role of cities and local governments in international climate policy has also strengthened in recent years. In 2010, local govern- ments received official recognition for the first time in international climate negotiations, where they are now designated as “governmental stakeholders.” Israel is aggressively promoting EVs and aims to become independent of oil by 2020.123 Israel has invested in a recharging grid and battery-swap stations and will reduce the 90% purchase tax on conventional vehicles down to 10% for EVs purchased by early adopters including fleet owners.124 The governments of Ireland, Portugal, and Denmark are developing similar policies.125 Local government commitments continued strongly in 2010. For example, the Mexico City Climate Pact was launched in November 2010 and was subsequently signed by over 180 local governments representing 300 million people.127 Signatories voluntarily commit to a 10-point action plan to implement low-carbon programs and register emissions inventories in a measurable, reportable, and verifiable manner. The Pact reflects the increasing role of cities in combating climate change globally and the value of city-to-city cooperation. One provision of the Pact envisages that signatories report 61 04 In the United States, tax-cut legislation at the end of 2010 extended tax credits for the blending of ethanol and biodiesel through 2011. Those credits provide a 45 cents/gallon (13 cents/liter) subsidy for ethanol blending and a $1.00/gallon (28 cents/liter) subsidy for biodiesel. The legislation also extended federal cash grants providing up to 30% of the capital cost of new large-scale renewable biofuel production facilities. In other developments from the United States, the U.S. Air Force now aims to have its entire fleet certified to fly on biofuels by 2011, and the U.S. Navy has mandated that all its aircraft and ships be powered by a 50-50 biofuel/ gasoline blend by 2020.115 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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