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04POlICy lanDSCaPe their climate commitments, performance, and actions regularly through a new “Carbon Cities Climate Registry,” established in 2010 to serve as a central data collection point.128 levels) by 2010–12, consistent with the form of Kyoto Protocol targets. CO2 targets for 2020 and beyond have appeared in recent years and are typically for 20–40% reductions by 2020, with some CO2 targets now even extending to 2050. Other cities have targets to become fully or partially “carbon neutral” (zero net emissions) by a future year. One novel type of CO2 target is emissions per capita, with several cities targeting future reductions in this indicator. In Europe, the Covenant of Mayors has seen tremendous growth, with more than 2,000 signatories committing to go beyond the EU 2020 target of a 20% reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2) and at least a 20% share of renewables in local energy supply.129 Cities and towns There are several types of renewable energy-specific targets. One is for the renewable share of total electricity consumption, with several cities in the range of 10–30%. Some cities target the share of electricity consumed by the government itself, for its own buildings, vehicle fleets, and operations. Such “own-use” targets can range from 10% to 100%. Another type of target is total share of energy from renewables (e.g., including transport and heating, not just electricity), or share of energy just for a specific sector such as buildings. Some targets are for total amounts of installed renewable energy capacity, such as megawatts of solar PV or wind power, or the number or total surface area of solar hot water collectors. in the Covenant agree to create and implement action plans to achieve these reductions. This initiative provides a practical framework for commitment and reporting, with cities and towns obtaining practical assistance, such as from national energy agencies, sub-national governments, and city networks. The Covenant of Mayors underlines the strong interest from the European Commission in seeing energy and climate change addressed at the local level in substantial ways. A 2011 companion report from REN21, the Global Status Report on Local Renewable Energy Policies, provides an overview of municipal policies and activities to promote renewable energy, surveying 210 cities and local governments in Europe, the United States, Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, China, South Korea, and Japan. It considers local policies in five main categories: target setting; regulation based on legal responsibility and jurisdiction; operation of municipal infrastructure; voluntary actions and government serving as a role model; and information, promotion and raising aware- ness. Some of the main findings in these five categories are summarized below. The report also gives many specific examples of these policies, some of which are summarized in Table R13. Regulation related to municipal responsibility and jurisdiction can take many forms. One common aspect is urban planning that incorporates renewable energy. Most plans call for integrating renewable energy in some systematic and long-term fashion into city development. Some plans are relatively short term, for example five years or less, while many others extend to 2020, 2030, or even 2050. Of the cities and local governments surveyed, at least half have some type of urban planning that incorporates renewable energy. Almost all cities working to promote renewable energy at the local level have established some type of renew- able energy or CO2 emissions reduction target. Of the cities and local governments surveyed, at least 140 have some type of future target for CO2 and/or renewable energy. CO2 emissions-reduction goals are typically a Another type of regulatory policy emerging in recent years is incorporation of renewable energy in build- ing codes or permitting. Some policies mandate solar water heating in all new construction above a certain size threshold. Other types of mandates are for design reviews prior to construction that reveal the opportuni- ties for integrating solar into building designs, or for 62 10–20% reduction over a baseline level (usually 1990PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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