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Many other regulatory measures for renewable energy are being adopted. Where cities have regulatory author- ity over some type of taxation, tax credits and exemp- tions for renewable energy at the local level are possible, although these do not appear to be common. Of the cities and local governments surveyed, only 12 were found to have some form of these policies. Property tax credits ment funds and a variety of ways to support or facilitate private and community initiatives. or abatement for residential installations appear to be the most common. Other unique examples of regulatory measures include a Portland, Oregon (USA), mandate for blending biofuels with all gasoline and/or diesel fuel sold within city limits; a Betim, Brazil, mandate that all taxis use biofuels; a feed-in tariff for solar PV in Gainsville, Florida (USA), and a Tokyo, Japan, mandate for a carbon cap-and-trade system on large businesses within city jurisdiction. Many other initiatives at national, regional, and global levels have been supporting cities to work together for renewable energy. Examples are the U.S. Mayors’ Climate Protection Agreement involving more than 700 U.S. cities, the World Mayors Council on Climate Change, the European Solar Cities Initiative, the Australia Solar Cities Program, the India Solar Cities Program, the U.S. Solar America Communities Program, the China Low Carbon City Program, the Japanese Eco-Model City Project, the ICLEI Local Renewables Model Communities Initiative, and the ICLEI Cities for Climate Protection campaign.130 For many of these initiatives and associations, the num- ber of participating cities continues to increase year by year. For example, the India Solar Cities Program started with 20 cities in 2008 and by early 2011 it had expanded to 48 cities, with a further target of 60 cities by 2012.131 Incorporation of renewable energy into municipal infrastructure and operations takes many forms. Some cities have decided to purchase green power for munici- pal buildings and operations. Others are purchasing biofuels for municipal fleet vehicles and/or public transit vehicles. Many cities also invest in renewable energy installations for municipal buildings, schools, hospitals, recreation facilities, and other public facilities. Cities with community- or district-scale heating systems may also invest in renewable heating infrastructure, for example biomass cogeneration plants. 63 04 building designs to include “stub-outs” or other features that permit easy future installation of renewables. Of the cities and local governments surveyed, at least 35 have some type of building code or permitting policy that incorporates renewable energy. Beyond their formal regulatory roles, many cities under- take additional voluntary actions to promote renewable energy or to serve as a role model for the private sector and other groups. Demonstration projects are very com- mon. Subsidies, grants, and loans for end-users to install renewable energy are common in some specific countries or regions; of the cities and local governments surveyed, at least 50 have some type of subsidies, grants, or loans. Other voluntary actions include government invest- RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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