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05 RuRal Renewable eneRGy As a consequence, it is difficult to detail the progress of renewable energy in off-grid areas for all developing countries; however, statistics are available for many individual programs and countries. This section reviews trends in some of the more critical energy service sectors. Renewable energy can play an important role in provid- ing modern energy services to the billions of people who depend on traditional sources of energy. Globally, some 1.5 billion people still lack access to electricity, often relying on kerosene lamps or candles for lighting and on expensive dry-cell batteries to power radios for commu- nications.1 Approximately 3 billion people – more than a third of the world’s population – cook their food and warm themselves on open fires fueled by wood, straw, charcoal, coal, or dung, which are very inefficient and damaging to health.2 Household lighting is one of the most important benefits of rural electricity.5 Many small and affordable renewable energy technologies are available to deliver high-quality lighting to households that lack access to grid electricity. These technologies are evolving toward smaller, cheaper, and more efficient systems that are better adapted to end users in developing countries. Such advances are due in part to programs such as Lighting Africa (see Sidebar In many rural areas of developing countries, connections to electric grids are economically prohibitive and/or may take decades to materialize. Today, there exists a wide array of viable and cost-competitive alternatives to traditional biomass energy and to grid electricity and carbon-based fuels that can provide reliable and sustain- able energy services. Renewable energy systems offer an unprecedented opportunity to accelerate the transition to modern energy services in remote and rural areas. 8) but are also the result of private sector efforts in this field. n Rural Transition to new and Renewable energy Systems Household lighting requires very little power, espe- cially with new lighting technologies such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). However, recent field stud- ies by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) suggest that although there is clearly a vector of progress, many of the solar lamp systems available on the market and/or offered in some programs do not provide enough light or are not robust enough to provide the level of lighting desired by rural households.6 A rural transition from traditional to more modern forms of energy is possible in households, communi- ties, and small industries in most developing countries. “Traditional” and “modern” refer both to the type of fuel and to the technologies that use it. Wood, for example, can be burned very inefficiently in a “traditional” open fire that emits high levels of pollutants; or, wood chips can be gasified and burned as a high-quality “modern” cooking fuel with high combustion efficiency and very little pollution. Candles and kerosene are traditional forms of lighting that offer poor quality light and low efficiency; by contrast, electric lamps (powered by solar or other sources) give off up to 100 times more light.3 The renewable energy technology that is connected most directly with improving household lighting is solar PV, including whole-home systems and solar lamps. Although worldwide achievements are difficult to estimate, there have been many significant accomplishments. In even the most remote areas, renewable energy technologies such as household PV systems, micro-hydro powered mini-grids, biomass-based systems, and solar pumps can provide sustainable energy services ranging from basic necessities – including quality lighting, com- munications, and heating and cooling – to services such as motive power that generate economic growth.4 Table 3 describes many of the rural services that can be provided in more modern ways through renewable technologies. In Africa, more than 500,000 solar PV systems were in use in 2007, with more than half of these in South Africa and Kenya.8 As of 2005, Kenya was home to just over 150,000 solar PV systems, with a median size of 25 Wpeak, and coverage had reached a reported 300,000 households.9 Beyond these two countries, most African solar home system (SHS) or pico-PV system projects are relatively small, although there are encouraging developments. Unfortunately, statistics on renewable energy use in rural areas of developing countries are not being collected systematically. For many years, public programs were the primary stakeholders responsible for rural elec- trification; today, however, many initiatives are driven In Tanzania, recent World Bank activity has focused in part on the promotion of renewable energy off-grid electricity solutions, particularly mini-hydropower generation, biomass cogeneration, and solar energy. The Bank has invested some $22.5 million for support of a Rural Energy Agency, established in 2007, that will test new off-grid electrification approaches that are expected to be scaled up in the future.10 by individual project promoters or private companies, making these efforts more dispersed. In addition, a large portion of the market for small-scale renewable systems is paid in cash, even in the most remote areas. Several African rural electrification programs launched since the early 2000s have involved large concessions of SHS, especially in western Africa (Mali, Senegal, and 65 n household lighting and Communications 05 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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