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05RuRal Renewable eneRGy a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF), also has been used to develop a village mini-grid network using a small hydropower plant.19 n Cooking and heating Similar to household lighting, communication technolo- gies require small amounts of power that can be covered by household and individual solar systems. Traditionally, these needs were covered by costly, inefficient, and unsustainable automotive batteries that were charged either on village generators or directly on the national grid. With the expansion of the global communications network, mobile phone charging also is becoming an increasingly important need (and recurrent business) in developing countries. It has become a driver for the pur- chase of many solar PV systems, some of which integrate mobile charging. In rural areas of developing countries, most of the energy used for cooking is in the form of wood, straw, and dung that is burned in stoves that are often basic and inef- ficient. Emissions from such cooking practices cause serious health problems and, in some cases, collection of the fuel results in unsustainable harvesting of biomass. Estimates of the prevalence of improved cookstoves – defined as a closed stove with a chimney or an open fire with a hood – vary. The World Health Organization and United Nations Development Programme (2009) compiled information from surveys in 140 countries and estimated that 3 billion people rely on solid fuels such as wood, straw, dung, and coal for cooking.20 The study found that approximately 830 million people are using improved cookstoves. This amounts to some 166 million households, including 116 million in China and more than 13 million in the rest of East Asia, 20 million in South Asia, 7 million in sub-Saharan Africa, and over 8 million in Latin America.21 These figures do not include the newer stoves that are now being developed and manufactured, in some cases with the backing of large international companies.22 These new stoves are designed with the goals of improv- ing the energy efficiency of cooking, reducing indoor air pollution, and reducing the labor or cash requirements for the world’s poorest people. Generally, these stoves are made of durable materials that will last 5–10 years or even longer, and many are sold at affordable prices with guarantees.23 The market potential for biomass stoves in developing countries is large. 68 GACC will complement existing efforts such as the Energising Development program sponsored by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) and the Directorate-General for International Cooperation (DGIS) of the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This program, which works to establish sustainable markets for energy-efficient cookstoves, focuses primarily on providing grants to develop the technology and create markets for better stoves, rather than on subsidizing the purchase of the stoves themselves. Interventions have been implemented in 12 countries worldwide, with a focus on Africa. By the end of 2010, nearly 7.2 million people had gained access Significant developments have been made in promoting improved stoves in developing countries. In 2010, the United Nations Foundation launched the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC), which advocates for imple- menting programs to improve biomass cookstoves for developing countries.24 The GACC is dealing with issues related to standards and testing methods; encouraging stove adoption; developing financing techniques to spread out the upfront costs of stoves; and raising aware- ness – with the goal of helping to promote more than 100 million stoves by 2020.25PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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