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to modern cooking technologies through the program.26 In 2010, India announced a large initiative for advanced biomass cookstoves that could potentially reach millions of people who currently use traditional biomass cooking methods.27 The program will focus on five key areas: technical issues, including research and development related to testing and standards; delivery procedures; potential programs for fuel processing and supply; an innovation contest for next-generation cookstoves; and a study on what can be accomplished with community cookstoves. n Motive Power, Irrigation, and Village-Scale Systems The use of factory-manufactured improved stoves still lags considerably behind the use of locally produced stoves, and most factory stove manufacturers have been in business for less than five years. The combus- tion efficiency and lifetime of factory stoves appears to be superior to locally made ones. Although marketing of factory stoves began only recently, approximately half a million units have been sold to date, with major programs in India, South Africa, Uganda, Honduras, and Guatemala.28 Larger applications, such as motive power and village electrification, require tailor made power systems that generate much higher output than household or small individual systems. For power generation, an example of a larger system is a small electricity grid that is supplied by a hybrid power system using PV, wind, hydro, and/ or biomass, usually with a battery bank and a diesel generator as backup.35 Larger individual systems that use PV, small-scale wind, small-scale hydropower, or biomass also exist for providing motive power, pumping water, and for desalination. Since 1994, Groupe Energies Renouvelables, Environnement et Solidarités (GERES) has been working in Cambodia to develop energy-efficient solutions to preserve the environment and improve living conditions. Between 2003 and 2010, sales of the New Lao stove exceeded 1 million units, with some 200,000 units sold in 2010.29 Such applications, whether used for business enterprises or for supplying communities, raise different financial issues than smaller applications and require specific business and banking models.36 Even so, the lifetime system costs are still generally cheaper than the tradi- tional alternatives – such as grid extension and diesel generators – and can be very quickly compensated in the case of business applications (hotels, telecommunication stations, fisheries, etc.). The main financial barrier is the upfront investment cost. In addition to these new varieties of stoves, smaller niche cooking technologies such as biogas systems and solar cookers can play a significant role in improving cooking practices.30 The introduction of biogas for cooking has been a slow and steady process in developing countries, in part because the manure feedstock limits the market for household biogas systems to animal owners. But the technology itself is undergoing a rebirth after roughly 25 years of design experimentation. 51 districts that were identified as having potential for this type of power generation.37 The main obstacles to promoting such systems are the relatively high costs and the need for community-level support. Nepal’s program works with communities to overcome these obstacles and helps villagers cope with the initial capital costs via financing mechanisms. As the result of renewed efforts through the Ministry of Agriculture, China added an estimated 22 million biogas systems between 2006 and 2010 – to reach a total of some 40 million systems in early 2011.31 India is home to some 4 million systems, and Vietnam has installed some 20,000 systems annually in recent years, to reach more than 100,000 by 2010.32 Cambodia, Laos, and Indonesia have smaller programs, each adding some 1,000 systems in 2010.33 Brazil has reached what some have called the “last mile” for rural electrification. Although the national grid currently reaches more than 95% of households, the Luz Para Todos program continues to expand access to rural areas both by extending grid power and by using off-grid community and household systems. By 2010, the program had reached about 13 million people (more than 2.6 million households) with isolated grid systems of various types, mostly in northeast Brazil.38 Nepal’s Biogas Support Programme, which involves the private sector, microfinance organizations, community groups, and NGOs, has resulted in a steady increase in biogas systems during the last decade. Some 25,000 systems were adopted in 2010, bringing the nationwide total to nearly 225,000.34 Nepal’s Village Micro Hydro Program has benefited from more than 30 years of low-cost technology development and from the evolution of community-managed admin- istration systems. The program has expanded steadily and now covers some 41,000 households in 40 of the 69 05 RENEWABLES 2011 GlObal STaTuS RePORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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