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G GLOSSARY GLOSSARY A fuel used in diesel engines installed in cars, trucks, buses, and other vehicles; and also used in stationary heat and power applications. Biodiesel is produced from oilseed crops such as soy, rapeseed (canola), and palm oil, and from other vegetable oil sources such as waste cooking oil and animal fats. electricity generators. Some policies provide a fixed tariff whereas others provide fixed premium payments that are added to wholesale market- or cost-related tariffs. Other variations exist, and feed-in tariffs for heat are evolving. Biodiesel A wide range of liquid and gaseous fuels derived from biomass. Biofuels – including ethanol, biodiesel, and biogas – can be combusted in vehicle engines as trans- port fuels, in stationary engines for heat and electricity generation, and used for domestic heating and cooking (for example, as ethanol gels or di-methyl ether). Biofuel A unit that converts animal and plant organic material into biogas, which is made up predominantly of methane. Biogas can be used as fuel for lighting, cooking, heating, electricity generation, and transport. It can also be upgraded to biomethane. Biogas digester Biomass is any material of biological origin, excluding material that is embedded in geological formations. Biomass energy (or bioenergy) can take many forms, including biofuels, biogas, biomethane (similar to natural gas and derived by removing impurities – including carbon dioxide, siloxanes, and hydrogen sulfides – from biogas), solid biomass from dedicated plantations, and biomass waste and residues from forestry, agriculture, industrial processes, and wet and solid municipal waste. Gigajoule/Petajoule Biomass energy/bioenergy Approximately six gigajoules represent the amount of potential chemical energy in a barrel of oil, when combusted. A petajoule is 1015 joules. One-time payments by a government or utility to cover a percentage of the capital cost of an investment, such as a solar water heater or a solar PV system. Electricity that is derived from the energy of water moving from higher to lower elevations. Categories of hydropower projects include run-of-river, storage (reservoir)-based capacity, and low-head in-stream technology (the least developed). Pumped storage plants pump water from a lower reservoir to a higher storage basin using surplus electricity, and reverse the flow to generate electricity when needed; they are not energy sources but means of energy storage. Hydropower covers a continuum in project scale from large (usually defined as more than 10 MW installed capacity, but the definition varies by country) to small-, mini-, micro-, and pico. Capital subsidy, consumer grant, rebate Hydropower Facilities that recover “waste heat” that is otherwise discarded from power generation processes that produce thermal energy. Biomass, geothermal, and solar thermal resources can be used in such plants. Combined heat and power (CHP)/Cogeneration Plants A liquid fuel made from biomass (typically corn, sugar cane, or grains) that can replace ordinary gasoline in modest percentages for use in ordinary spark ignition engines (stationary or in vehicles), or that can be used at higher blend levels (usually up to 85% ethanol, or 100% in Brazil) in slightly modified engines such as those provided in “flex-fuel vehicles” that can run on various fuel blends or on 100% gasoline. Ethanol A policy that: (a) sets a fixed, guaranteed price over a stated fixed-term period at which small or large generators can sell renewable power into the electricity network, and (b) usually guarantees grid access to renewable Feed-in tariff An economic incentive that provides actors (individu- als, households, companies) with a reduction in their contribution to the public treasury via income or other taxes, or with direct payments from the public treasury in the form of rebates or grants. Fiscal Incentive Heat energy emitted from within Earth’s crust, usually in the form of hot water or steam, which can be used to produce electricity or as direct heat for buildings, industry, and agriculture. In addition, ground-source heat pumps use shallow geothermal heat (up to around 20 meters depth but that can also be deemed to be stored solar heat) to heat and cool water and space. Geothermal 9 A unit of energy that is equal to 1 billion (10 ) joules. Voluntary purchase of renewable energy, usually electric- ity, by residential, commercial, government, or industrial consumers, either directly from a utility company, from a third-party renewable energy generator, or through the trading of renewable energy certificates (RECs). Green energy purchase In this report, total investment includes venture capital, corporate and government research and development, private equity, public markets new equity, re-invested investment, asset finance, and small-scale distributed capacity. It excludes mergers and acquisitions, which are based on previously invested money changing hands. Financial new investment includes venture capital and private equity investment (VC/PE), public markets investment, and asset finance of utility-scale projects; Investment 91 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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