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92 G GLOSSARY these categories are highlighted because data are available in greater detail in the BNEF database, quarter- by-quarter. An official commitment, plan, or goal by a government (at local, state, national or regional level) to achieve a certain amount of renewable energy by a future date. Some targets are legislated while others are set by regulatory agencies or ministries. A taxation measure that allows investments in renewable energy to be fully or partially deducted from the tax obligations or income of a project developer, industry, building owner, etc. Investment tax credit A measure that requires designated parties (consumers, suppliers, generators) to meet a minimum, and often gradually increasing, target for renewable energy such as a percentage of total supply or a stated amount of capac- ity. Costs are generally borne by consumers. In addition to electricity mandates through renewable portfolio standards/quotas, mandates can include building codes or obligations that require the installation of renewable heat or power technologies (often in combination with energy efficiency investments); renewable heat purchase mandates; and requirements for blending biofuels into transportation fuel. Renewable portfolio standard (RPS) (also called renewable obligation or quota). A measure requiring that a minimum percentage of total electricity or heat sold, or generation capacity installed, be provided using renewable energy sources. Obligated utilities are required to ensure that the target is met; if it is not, a fine is usually levied. Mandate/obligation Heat, electricity, and/or transport fuels that are produced from biomass-fueled technologies other than those using “traditional biomass.” Technologies include combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, cogeneration of power and heat, and anaerobic digestion to produce biogas and landfill gas. Liquid biofuel also is a form of modern biomass. Modern biomass energy A power supply arrangement that allows a two-way flow of electricity between the electricity distribution grid and customers that have their own generation system. The customer pays only for the net electricity delivered from the utility (total consumption minus self-production). A variation that employs two meters with differing tariffs for purchasing electricity or exporting excess electricity off-site is called “net billing.” Net metering A taxation measure that provides the investor or owner of a qualifying property or facility with an annual tax credit based on the amount of renewable energy (electricity, heat, or biofuel) generated by that facility. A certificate that is awarded to certify the generation of one unit of renewable energy (typically 1 MWh of elec- tricity but also less commonly of heat). Certificates can be accumulated to meet renewable energy obligations and also provide a tool for trading among consumers and/or producers. They also are a means of enabling purchases of voluntary green energy. Production tax credit Renewable energy certificate (REC) An approach under which public authorities organize tenders for a given quota of renewable supplies or capacity, and remunerate winning bids at prices that are typically above standard market levels. Public Competitive Bidding A rule to guide or control the conduct of those to whom it applies. In the renewable energy context, examples include mandates or quotas such as renewable portfolio standards, feed-in tariffs, biofuel blending mandates, and renewable heat obligations. Regulatory policy Renewable energy target A small solar PV panel, battery, and charge controller that can provide modest amounts of electricity to homes, usually in rural or remote regions that are not connected to the electricity grid. Solar home system (SHS) Solar collectors, usually rooftop mounted but also on-ground at a larger scale, that heat water and store it in a tank for later use as hot water or for circulation to provide space or process heating. Solar water heating A PV cell is the basic manufactured unit that converts sunlight into electricity. Cells can be used in isolation (such as on a wristwatch or garden light) or combined and manufactured into modules and panels that are suit- able for easy installation on buildings. Thin-film solar PV materials can be applied as films over existing surfaces or integrated with building components such as roof tiles. Some materials can be used for building-integrated PV (BIPV) by replacing conventional materials in parts of a building envelope, such as the roof or façade. A pico PV system is a small solar home system – such as a solar lamp or an information and communication technology (ICT) appliance – with a power output of 1–10 Wpeak. Solar photovoltaic (PV) Unprocessed solid biomass, including agricultural residues, animal dung, forest products, and gathered fuel wood, that is combusted in stoves, furnaces, or open fires to provide heat energy for cooking, comfort, and small- scale agricultural and industrial processing, typically in rural areas of developing countries. Traditional biomassPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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