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N NOTES NOTE ON ACCOUNTING AND REPORTING OF INSTALLED CAPACITIES A number of issues arise when accounting for and reporting installed capacities of renewable energy. Five of these issues are elaborated below, along with some justification for the approaches chosen in this report. as ethanol, methanol, biogas, biomethane (a substitute for natural gas), or synthetic gas. Increasingly, facilities that process biomass are integrating the production of electricity, heat, and (depending on the pathway) even fuels. Much of the bioenergy used around the world, especially for heat, is highly decentralized and difficult to track comprehensively. As a result, statistics for many countries do not exist or are incomplete, dispersed, and difficult to obtain and consolidate. This report strives to provide the best available data regarding biomass energy developments given these complexities and constraints. Note that energy derived from incineration of the bio- genic, or organic, share of municipal solid waste (MSW) is not included in the main text and tables of this report (although where official data are specified, they are included in the Endnotes). Explicit data on the organic vs. non-organic waste shares are unavailable for many countries, and thus it is not possible to track capacity or output on a global scale. Even where the share of organic feedstock is known, there is no clear or universally accepted methodology for calculating the energy output (which varies depending on waste composition) derived from the organic component of waste. As biogas and landfill gas are derived exclusively from the organic com- ponent of waste, these energy carriers and the energy produced are included in GSR statistics, where available. The Global Market Overview section includes energy (i.e., GWh) data where possible but focuses mainly on capacity (i.e., GW) data for three reasons. First, capac- ity data are generally more readily available and, in countries where updated annual data are not available, capacity expansion is easier to extrapolate from year- to-year than energy production. Second, capacity is less prone to seasonal and annual variations that are com- mon for many forms of renewable energy. Third, capacity data better mimic investment trends over time. (For a better sense of potential energy production, see capacity factors in Table 1.) For heating, output is provided in Joules where production data are available; otherwise, capacity data are given in Watts-thermal (Wth). Biofuels data are consistently provided as annual volumes (billion liters/year) produced. 1. Capacity vs. energy data. 2. Constructed capacity vs. connected capacity and operational capacity. In 2009 and 2010, the solar PV and wind markets saw increasing amounts of constructed capacity that was not yet connected to the grid, or capacity that was connected but not yet deemed officially operational. This phenom- enon is particularly prominent with wind power in China but also became evident with PV during 2010, notably in Italy (see text). Differences among constructed, con- nected, and operational capacities are due to the inability of public administrators, utilities, and others to keep up with the pace of construction, for example in terms of technical interconnection, testing, approval, contracting, and certification. This situation will likely persist in future years if high rates of installation continue. Where feasible, this report focuses on constructed capacity because it best correlates with actual flows of capital investment during the year. Grid-connected and off-grid PV were reported separately in past editions of this report, with the focus being on grid-connected capacity. Initially, the purpose of this practice was to highlight the dynamic shift from off-grid to grid-connected PV that took place after 2005. Until 2005, off-grid PV accounted for most of the global market, but by 2010 the market share of grid-connected had risen above an estimated 90–95%. Starting with this edition of the report, only total PV data will be reported in tables; where available and of possible interest, data and information regarding off-grid installations will continue to be provided in the text. The reasons for this change are two-fold: (1) as with small-scale hydropower (see below), it is becoming increasingly difficult to track global off-grid developments; and (2) it seems logical to report on statistics for the total PV market rather than just one (although the most significant) segment of it. It is important to note that this change affects the reported growth rates for PV because the total PV market has not grown as quickly over the past five years as the grid- connected market has, as seen in Figure 2. The change also retroactively affects data for years prior to 2010, particularly in Table R3. Biomass energy is derived from organic residues and waste from forestry, agriculture, and industry; the biogenic portion of municipal waste; and energy crops grown specifically as fuel. Biomass cuts across all energy end-use sectors – providing power, heat, and transport – as well as many other sectors, including food and agriculture, forestry, industry, and waste. There exist numerous bioenergy “routes,” or pathways from feedstock to final energy. Biomass can be transformed into energy through direct combustion or it can be used to produce a combustible liquid or gaseous fuel, such 3. Complexities of biomass energy. 4. Total PV vs. grid-connected and off-grid PV. 93 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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