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01ENDNOTES 01 GLOBAL MARKET OVERVIEW 175 - 252 104 211 Australia, France, Ireland, Portugal, and South Korea from IHS 2011. Note that another 0.5 MW went online in Russia around 2005 according to “Tidal Energy – Latest Development in Renewable Energy Sector,” 10 May 2010, at http://hydropower- station.com/?tag=tidal-energy. Emerging Energy Research, cited in “Energy from the Ocean and Tides Starting To Look Promising,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 1 November 2010; South Korea also from Jennifer Kho, “Renewables Hit the Big Time,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 25 May 2010; Canada and United States from “Wave and Tidal Energy Spending to Hit US$1.2bn by 2015,” RenewableEnergy Focus.com, 25 January 2011; Japan, New Zealand, and Spain from IEA, op. cit. note 196. 196 IEA, Annual Report: Implementing Agreement on Ocean Energy Systems (Paris: 2010). 197 Ibid; Bedard et al., “An Overview of Ocean Renewable Technologies,” Oceanography, June 2010; Susi Global Research Centre, www.susiresearch.com/research.html, viewed April 2011; Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madra, www.oec.iitm.ac.in/Research.html, viewed April 2011; Non-Carbon Energy Research Center, GuangZhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, http://english. giec.cas.cn/rh/rd/200907/t20090715_23439.html, viewed April 2011; AW Energy, Vantaa, Finland, www.aw-energy.com, viewed April 2011; European Marine Energy Centre, Ltd. (EMEC), Orkney, Scotland, www.emec.org.uk/wave_energy_developers. asp, viewed April 2011. 212 Based on 278 million tons of oil equivalent (mtoe) from IEA, op. cit. note 26, p. 52. Biomass heat data in Table R1 based on individual country submissions to this report and on historical databases going back to 2005 report edition as maintained by Eric Martinot. 198 As of December 2010, 18 countries were members of the OES-IA. In order of joining the Agreement, they are: Portugal, Denmark, United Kingdom, Japan, Ireland, Canada, United States, Belgium, Germany, Norway, Mexico, Spain, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, Australia, South Korea, and South Africa, per IEA, op. cit. note 196. 214 Based on 2009 data from EurObserv’ER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: November 2010), and on EurObserv’ER, Biogas Barometer (Paris: November 2010). 199 Portugal had 4.2 MW of installed capacity by the end of 2010, per “Renováveis – Estatísticas Rápidas,” November 2010, DGEG 2011. As of March 2011, the U.K. had 3.4 MW of installed ocean energy capacity, 50% of which was added during 2010; this included 1.31 MW of wave energy capacity and 2.05 MW of tidal stream capacity, per RenewableUK, Wave and Tidal Energy in the UK, State of the industry Report (London: March 2011), p. 8. 216 Ibid, pp. 126, 127, 129; EurObserv’ER, Biogas Barometer (Paris: November 2010), p. 110. 200 This was the Voith Hydro Wavegen’s LIMPET. Figure of 60,000 and 98% from IHA, London, personal communication with REN21, April 2011; from “Limpet Wave Power Plant Celebrates 10 Year Anniversary,” HydroWorld.com, 29 November 2010; and from RenewableUK, op. cit. note 199, p. 4. The LIMPET had over 70,000 successful operating hours by the date of publication, per RenewableUK. 218 Ten percent of electricity from Danish Energy Agency, cited in Ron Pernick et al., Clean Energy Trends 2010 (San Francisco/ Portland: Clean Edge, March 2010), p. 12. Regarding heat, 60% of Danish consumers receive heat through district heating sys- tems, which in 2007 obtained more than 41% of their heat from biomass (19.3% of this was from waste, but the source does not specify the kind of waste). Danish Energy Agency, “Basic Facts on Heat Supply in Denmark,” www.ens.dk/en-US/supply/Heat/ Basic_facts/Sider/Forside.aspx, viewed 15 June 2011. 201 The Marine Current Turbines’ SeaGen. “Tidal Turbine Passes 2 GWh Milestone,” RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 17 August 2010. Generation exceeded 2.5 GWh to the U.K. grid by date of publication of RenewableUK, op. cit. note 199. 219 Deutsche Energie-Agentur (DENA), Biogas Partner, “Biomethane Feed-in Project,” www.biogaspartner.de/index.php?id=10210&L =0&fs=%2Ftrackback&L=1, viewed 14 May 2011; DENA, Biogas Partner, “Market Development in Europe,” www.biogaspartner.de/ index.php?id=11872&L=1&fs=0%5C%27, viewed 14 May 2011. 202 IEA, op. cit. note 196. 203 “Floating Tidal Power Plant Opened in Norway,” Renewable 220 Rita Ramanauskaite, Policy Adviser, European Biogas Association (EBA), Brussels, personal communication with REN21, 26 April 2011. EnergyFocus.com, 24 November 2010; www.hydratidal.com/ 221 Deutsche Energie-Agentur (DENA), Biogas Partner, “Biomethane Injection Projects in Germany,” www.biogaspartner.de/index.php ?id=10074&L=1&fs=%2Ftrackback, viewed 14 May 2011; DENA, Biogas Partner, “The German Market Development,” www.biogaspartner.de/index.php?id=11871&L=1&fs=0%5C%27, viewed 14 May 2011; DENA, Biogas Partner, “Biomethane Feed-in Project,” www.biogaspartner.de/index.php?id=10210&L =0&fs=%2Ftrackback&L=1, viewed 14 May 2011. #!news/vstc2=plant-opened; www.hydratidal.com/#!technology. 204 Stephen Lacey, “When Will Unconventional Hydro Compete?” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 2 December 2010. 205 Utility was Pacific Gas & Electric Company, per Lacey, ibid. 206 Hawaii from Virginia Bueno, “Navy Connects Buoy to Power Grid at Hawaii Marine Corps Base,” Navy.mil, 27 September 2010, and from Lacey, op. cit. note 204; “Ocean Power Technologies Begins Wave Power Farm Development Off Oregon Coast,” HydroWorld.com, 22 February 2010; “OPT Begins Ocean Trials of Wave Energy Generator,” Power Magazine, 9 May 2011. 222 Anna Austin, “Report: North American Wood Pellet Exports Double,” Biomass Magazine, 8 March 2011. Note that about 7.5 million tonnes were consumed in Europe in 2008, up 25% since 2005, based on data from EurObserv’ER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: December 2009), p. 9, and from REN21, op. cit. note 2. Another source says that EU imports of wood pellets were up 42% in 2010, per Gerard Wynn, “Analysis: Wood Fuel Poised to Be Next Global Commodity,” Reuters, 20 May 2011. 207 RenewableUK, op. cit. note 199. 208 Langlee Wave Power AS and Turksih Ünmaksan have agreed to build five wave power systems totaling 600 kW in Turkey. This will be a test park that will be built over two years, and the plan is to build two parks with a total capacity of 52 MW; see “Langlee Wave Power Builds Wave Energy Plants in Turkey,” RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 17 November 2010. Indonesia and Italy from IEA, op. cit. note 196. A prototype of 120–150 kW is being built to be placed in the Lomboc Island, Indonesia; and a 100 kW prototype is likely to be installed by the end of 2011 near Venice, Italy. A three-stage project in La Reunion has a total of 15 MW planned, per www.carnegiecorp.com.au/index. php?url=/projects/lareunionproject. 223 “European Wood Pellet Markets: Current Status and Prospects for 2020,” cited in Lisa Gibson, “Report Analyzes European Pellet Markets,” Biomass Magazine, 21 April 2011. 209 “India to Build Asia’s First Commercial Tidal Power Plant,” RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 14 January 2011; “State of Gujarat 225 In some states, such as Connecticut, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, Ohio, and Wisconsin, the number of Americans heating with wood rose 50–80% between 2000 and 2010, per Alliance for Green Heat, Residential Wood Heat Report Card: How States Balance Heating Needs with Health Concerns (Takoma Park, MD: 15 February 2011). to Install Asia’s First Commercial Scale Tidal Current Power Plant in the Gulf of Kutch in India at Vibrant Gujarat 2011 Summit,” www.renewable-energy-sources.com. 226 REN21, op. cit. note 2. 227 Australia, Brazil, China, Colombia, Cuba, India, and Philippines 210 IEA, op. cit. note 196. 213 EurObserv’ER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: December 2009), p. 9. 215 Finland produces 1.2 toe per person, and is followed by Sweden, Latvia, Estonia, and Austria; Germany ranks 14th. EurObserv’ER, Solid Biomass Barometer (Paris: November 2010). 217 ”Biomass Generates 32% of All Energy in Sweden,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 2 June 2010. 224 North American Wood Fiber Review, cited in “2010 Wood Pellet Exports from North America to EU Reach 1.6m Tonnes,” Bioenergy Insight, 15 March 2011, and from Anna Austin, “Report: North American Wood Pellet Exports Double,” Biomass Magazine, 8 March 2011.PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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