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110 25 German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology, “Concept for an Environmentally Sound, Reliable and Affordable Energy 04ENDNOTES 04 POLICY LANDSCAPE 1 – 63 POLICY LANDSCAPE conclusively separate and categorize targets by type or source of 1 This section is intended only to be indicative of the overall land- scape of policy activity and is not a definitive reference. Policies listed are generally those that have been enacted by legislative bodies. Some of the policies listed may not yet be implemented, or are awaiting detailed implementing regulations. It is obviously difficult to capture every policy, so some policies may be uninten- tionally omitted or incorrectly listed. Some policies may also be discontinued or very recently enacted. This report does not cover policies and activities related to technology transfer, capacity building, carbon finance, and Clean Development Mechanism projects, nor does it highlight broader framework and strategic policies – all of which are still important to renewable energy progress. For the most part, this report also does not cover policies that are still under discussion or formulation, except to highlight overall trends. Information on policies comes from a wide variety of sources, including the International Energy Agency (IEA) Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database, the U.S. DSIRE database, RenewableEnergyWorld.com, press reports, submissions from country-specific contributors to this report, and a wide range of unpublished data. Much of the information presented here and further details on specific countries appear on the “Renewables Interactive Map” at www.ren21.net. It is unrealistic to be able to provide detailed references to all sources here. authority across all countries. 7 Actual country primary energy shares from renewable energy in 2 Policy statistics in this section are the result of considerable and careful analysis based on many sources of published and unpub- lished information, in an attempt to ensure that the statistics and comparative data are as accurate as possible. However, the evaluation of renewable energy policies is a complex process. Accounting methods used to assess primary and final consumer energy vary but are poorly understood and often confused or ignored in the literature. Definitions of specific renewable energy policies differ widely, and this can be exacerbated by the varying interpretations used when presenting information in the databases and literature upon which this section is based. As one simple example, 30 U.S. states are listed by the U.S. Department of Energy as having a “Renewable Portfolio Standard,” a quota imposed 10 “Europe Tops Its Renewables Targets,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 3 September 2010. Figure 15 based on the following sources: EurObserv’ER, The State of Renewable Energies in Europe, 10th EurObserv’ER Report (Paris: 2010); European Commission (EC), “Energy: Renewable Energy: Targets,” http://ec.europa.eu/ energy/renewables/targets_en.htm. on their electricity utilities. However, a further six states have voluntary standards that are not strictly within the normally accepted definition of a quota policy. In addition, the definition of “renewable energy” varies among these states with, for example, most but not all excluding new large hydropower projects and only around half including biogas produced from anaerobic digestion plants. 14 Deutsche Bank Group, “The German Feed-in Tariff for PV,” 23 May 2011, www.dbcca.com/dbcca/EN/_media/German_FIT_for_PV.pdf; M. Osborne, “Agreement Reached on New German Feed-in tariff Maximum 12 Percent Degression,” PV-Tech.org, 14 January 2011. Starting in January 2011, feed-in tariffs will be adjusted down- ward every year if the installation capacity goes over the fixed cap of 3.5 GW/year. Tariffs will decrease 3% for each GW of additional installed capacity and increase 2.5% if the fixed limit is not reached. 3 Policy impacts and lessons learned have been discussed in Chapter 11 of the IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and also in a forthcoming IEA report Deploying Renewables: Worldwide Prospects and Challenges. 16 Chinese Wind Energy Association (CWEA), 2010 China Wind Power Installed Capacity Statistics (Beijing: 2011). 4 Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE), www.dsire.org; D. Gold, “Renewable Energy Standards, Savvy or Silly?” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 22 March 2011. 18 It should be noted that China’s previous targets for wind set in the 2007 Medium and Long Term Renewable Energy Development plan needed to be revised as wind power capacity has developed much more rapidly than expected in recent years. Existing formal documents covering new targets for wind power for 2020 have not yet been officially released, but an unofficial target is now considered at least 150 GW by 2020, and possibly 200 GW. 5 In December 2010, France suspended solar PV projects of less than 3 kW for three months to evaluate subsidy cuts and measures to limit industry growth following a boom. The PV capacity installed at the end of 2010 will cost EUR 560 million a year for 20 years in subsidies paid for through a tax to electricity consumers. France is targeting 5,400 MW of solar PV capacity by 2020, per “French Government Plans Solar Energy Tender, Modifiable Rates, Besson Says,” http://budurl.com/mercomftmr; J. Jones, “Italy Overhauls Its PV Incentives,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 20 May 2011; 19 Data from the Chinese Renewable Energy Industries Association (CREIA). Also see “Wind Power Industry Facing Big Challenges,” People’s Daily, 20 January 2011. E. Hughes, “Cuts Conundrum – Investigating Likely Feed-in Tariffs 20 S. Chakrabati, S. Das, and J. Khatrani, “Renewable Energy Development in India. Ernst and Young Country Attractiveness Industries,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 20 December 2010. Worldwide,” PV Tech, 25 August 2010. 6 The term “target” is used rather loosely in this section and 21 J. Lane, “Is Brazil the Big Winner?” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 1 December 2010. encompasses many different types of policy processes, such as legislative mandates, executive or ministerial statements and programs, other types of announced goals and plans, and pledges made as part of international action programs (from Bonn Renewables 2004, Beijing International Renewable Energy Conference 2005, Washington International Renewable Energy Conference 2008 (WIREC), and the Delhi International Renewable Energy Conference 2010 (DIREC)). Targets counted in this section include such ministerial statements and announced plans, not necessarily backed by specific legislation. It is very difficult to 22 C.F. De Saravia, A.D. Rosell, and J. Siemer, “Coup de Grâce: A New Royal Decree Slashes Tariffs and Opens the Door to Retroactive Changes for Spanish PV,” Photon International, January 2011, pp. 66–68. recent years are listed in the annual IEA report Renewables Information, www.iea.org/publications/free_new_Desc.asp?PU BS_ID=2037, viewed 15 March 2011. A detailed description and comparison of the different methods of calculating the share of primary energy is contained in the IPCC Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation (May 2011) which, after detailed deliberations, chose to use the direct equivalent method commonly used in IPCC long-term scenarios rather than the physical accounting method as used by the IEA or the substitution method as used by BP in their Energy Outlook and the U.S. Energy Information Administration; see also Sidebar 7 of the Renewables 2007 Global Status Report. 8 European Commission (EC), “Energy for the Future: Renewable Sources of Energy” (Brussels: 26 November 1997). 9 Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), “Global Installed Wind Power Capacity,” at www.gwec.net; Franz Alt, “2010 Renewables Exceed EU Targets,” www.sonnenseite.com, 5 October 2010. 11 EC, “Renewable Energy – Progressing Towards the 2020 Target,” Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament and the Council (Brussels: 31 January 2011). 12 The Scottish Government, “Target for Renewable Energy Now 80 Percent,” press release (Edinburgh: 23 September 2010). 13 “German Solar PV Degression Could Reach 13 Percent,” RenewableEnergyFocus.com, 5 October 2010. 15 J. Jones, “Country Profile: Australia,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 20 December 2010. 17 CWEA Web site, www.cwea.org.cn; GWEC, op. cit. note 9; China Electricity Council, www.cec.org.cn, as quoted in China Country report of the Wind Energy International 2011/2012 yearbook, May 2011. 23 EnviroFinland, “Finland Takes Concrete Steps to Promote Renewable Energy,” 15 January 2011, at www.energy-enviro.fi. 24 Meghan Sapp, “Spain Sets 6.2% Biofuels Target for 2011, Higher for 2012,” Biofuels Digest.com, 12 April 2011.PDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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