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Supply,” 28 September 2010; P. Gipe, “Germany Ups Renewable 42 Mercom Market Intelligence Report, 20 September 2010. 43 “Italy Changes Solar FITs,” RenewablesInternational.net, 9 May 2011. 44 This was done to reduce the total cost of the mechanism and also Energy Target Again,” Alliance for Renewable Energy, 4 August 2010. 26 Y. Sun, “Taiwan Increases Its Renewable-Energy Target to 16 Percent After Law Spurs Demand,” Bloomberg.com, 29 September 2010. 27 Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency, to avoid old solar PV plants being repowered using much cheaper RCREEE Newsletter, August 2010. 28 B. Khumali, “Department of Energy Offers 200,000 Subsidies for PV modules. 45 P. Gipe, “Britain to Abandon RPS & Move to Feed-in Tariffs,” Solar Water Heating Programme,” press release (Pretoria: December 2010, www.wind-works.org/FeedLaws. Any existing projects contracted under the Obligation can be constructed up till 2017. The fledgling marine energy industry is lobbying for further support policies for wave and tidal projects; see RenewableUK, Wave and Tidal Energy in the UK – State of Industry Report (London: March 2011). (Note: RenewableUK was known previously as the British Wind Energy Association.) Department of Energy, Republic of South Africa, 29 July 2010). 29 S. Grainger, “Central America Taps Volcanoes for Electricity,” Reuters, 22 September 2010. 30 “Government Approves 1000 MW Grid-connected Solar Power Projects,” The Hindu, 30 August 2010. See also “India Mandates Use of Local Components in New Solar Policy,” Bloomberg.com, 25 July 2010. 46 “Bulgaria’s New Renewable Energy Act Cools Down Investors’ Hopes,” www.novinte.com, 21 April 2011. Geothermal and biomass received 20 year contracts and wind 12 years. 31 American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE), “Renewable Energy in Oklahoma,” February 2011, www.acore.org/files/pdfs/ states/Oklahoma.pdf. 47 “Solar Credits Scheme Reduced,” ecogeneration.com, 5 May 2011. 48 “New Renewable Energy Hotspots Occur as Incentive Roll Backs 32 D. Hemlock, “Big Wind Project Could Spur Renewable Energy Revolution in Puerto Rico,” RenewableEnergyWorld.com, 6 December, 2010. Corrected to 12% for years 2015–19, 15% for years 2020–27, a yet-to-be-determined target for years 2028–34, and 20% by 2035. Continue,” Bloomberg New Energy Finance Newsletter, 17 May 2011. 49 Ibid. 04 33 B. Clark, “Cook Islands Moves Towards 100 Percent Renewable Electricity,” Aus/NZ/Oceania Affairs, Suite101.com, 7 April 2011. 51 Malaysian Renewable Energy Bill 2010 was adopted on 9 April 2011 and was to be enacted in May 2011 along with the creation of the Sustainable Energy Development Authority. See Renewable Energy Bill 2010, at www.parlimen.gov.my/files/ billindex/pdf/2010/DR472010E.pdf. 34 Directorate of Energy and Climate Change, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, United Arab Emirates, personal communication with REN21, July 2011; and “Dubai Energy Forum Gets Underway: Emirate Targets 5% of Energy Needs to Be Met Through Renewable Sources by 2030,” emirates247.com, 18 April 2011. 52 P. Gipe, “Ecuador Adopts Feed-in Tariff,” 6 May 2011, www.wind- works.org/FeedLaws/Ecuador/EcuadorAdoptsFeed-inTariffs.html. The FIT also applies for the Galápagos Islands, and applies to several technologies and differentiates biogas and hydro by size. 35 In that scheme, if applications exceed 150 MW total capacity, the incentives will be awarded to projects that offer the highest discount on the proposed tariff. Already, competitive bidding has reduced the original tariffs by 32% for solar PV and 38% for CSP. 53 See Electricity Regulatory Authority of Uganda, www.era.or.ug/FeedInTariffs.php. 36 Resources and Logistics, Identification Mission for the Mediterranean Solar Plan, Final report, January 2010, http:// ec.europa.eu/energy/international/international_cooperation/ doc/2010_01_solar_plan_report.pdf. 54 For example, following the introduction of a FIT (with tariffs out to 2035 declining over time), the Indian state of Gujarat has seen growing interest in solar PV electricity generation. 37 Table 2 from sources listed in Endnote 1 for this section. 38 Some question the inclusion of the United States (1978) in Table 55 Gold, op. cit. note 4. 56 Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), “Renewable Power R10. The U.S. national feed-in law was the Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act (PURPA) of 1978, although some analysts do not consider PURPA to have been a true national feed-in law. Several states actively implemented PURPA but most discontinued imple- mentation in the 1990s. Some jurisdictions are not listed in Table R10 due to the limited scope of their policies – for example, the U.S. state of Washington, which has enacted limited FITs for solar PV but restricts the amount of capacity that can be installed and is capped at $5,000/year per project. Other policies are listed even though they are limited also: California’s FIT is limited to 750 MW; Oregon and Vermont’s FITs are limited to 25 MW and 50 MW, respectively, and are considered pilot programs. In addition, some utilities in the U.S. states of Michigan and Wisconsin offer limited FITs but there is no state-level policy. The Australian Northern Territory had a limited FIT for a small number of systems in Alice Springs. & Energy Efficiency Market: Renewable Portfolio Standards,” www. ferc.gov/market-oversight/othr-mkts/renew/othr-rnw-rps.pdf. For states with non-binding policy goals, see references for Table R11. 39 There remain significant differences of opinion among experts as to what constitutes a feed-in tariff. For Table 2, the Netherlands MEP policy is considered a premium and is classified as an energy production payment, rather than a feed-in policy. Costa Rica, Panama, Peru, and Iran may be the same, although some claim these countries have FITs. FITs shown for some other countries might better be classified as energy production payments as well. Indonesia’s 2002 FIT covers generators less than 10 MW (revised from 1 MW in 2006) but at low tariff levels and is thus not considered by some to be a true FIT. India’s national FIT from 1993 was substantially discontinued but new national FITs were enacted in 2008. 59 Until 31 December, 2013, utilities may use TRECs to satisfy no more than 25% of their requirement. The price of a TREC is capped at $50 but this will be removed in 2014 as will the limit on the number of TRECs that may be used for RPS compliance. DSIRE, “California: Incentives/Policy for Solar,” www.dsireusa.org. In addition to the RPS and FIT policies, California has a competi- tive bidding mechanism, the Renewable Auction Mechanism (RAM) program, which requires the state’s three investor-owned utilities (IOUs) to purchase electricity from renewable energy systems up to 20 MW in size within their service territories. 40 P. Gipe, “Louisiana PUC Orders Limited Feed-in Tariff,” 2010, www.wind-works.org/FeedLaws/USA/LouisianaPUCOrders LimitedFeed-inTariff.html. The tariff is offered only for a limited five-year term, which is considerably shorter than most FIT terms. Each utility is authorized to acquire a portion of the 1 GW cap. Competitive auctions are then to be held twice a year for two years, for 250 MW each. Also see ACORE, “Renewable Energy in California,” February 2011, www.acore.org/files/pdfs/states/ California.pdf. 41 By building three renewable energy projects, one at least 5 MW and the others up to 300 kW each, a utility can avoid offering any standard offer contracts. 60 Deleted in proof. 61 Deleted in proof. 62 Deleted in proof. 63 ACORE, “Renewable Energy in Delaware,” February 2011, 50 “Australian Capital Territory (ACT) Expands Solar Feed In Tariff Program,” EnergyMatters.com, 14 September 2010. 57 “New York RPS Expanded to 30 Percent by 2015,” IREC State & Stakeholder Newsletter, 27 January 2010. The assumption is that an additional 1% will take place outside of the standard from voluntary green power purchasing programs. Compared to the original projections made in 2004 for a 25% standard, this should require only a modest increase in renewable energy generation because the revised projections incorporate a 15% reduction in energy use by 2015 under the state’s Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (EEPS). 58 “California Legislature Passes 33% RPS Bill,” Platts.com, 29 March 2011. www.acore.org/files/pdfs/states/Delaware.pdf. For eligible renewable energy resources, the cost threshold is 3% of total retail 111 RENEWABLES 2011 GLOBAL STATUS REPORTPDF Image | GLOBAL STATUS REPORT Renewables 2011
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