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For lifetime energy output, flash geothermal plants consume ~0.01 gal/kWh; binary plants consume between 0.08 and 0.271 gal/kWh; and EGS projects consume between 0.3 and 0.73 gal/kWh (Figure 18; Table 4-3 of DOE “Water use”).16,17 Water is a critical component of geothermal systems. The water used, which comes from the geothermal system, is reinjected back into the reservoir to maintain reservoir pressure and prevent reservoir depletion.18 Rainwater and snowmelt generally continue to feed underground thermal aquifers, naturally replenishing geothermal reservoirs. Geothermal resources are considered renewable on timescales of technological and societal systems, meaning that unlike fossil fuel reserves, they do not need geological times for regeneration when reinjection is done properly. Reinjection keeps the mineral-rich, saline water found in geothermal systems separate from ground water and fresh water sources to avoid cross-contamination. Injection wells are encased by thick borehole pipe and are surrounded by cement. Once the water is returned to the geothermal reservoir, it is reheated by the Earth’s hot rocks and can be used over and over again to produce electricity. Geothermal energy can make use of wastewater that might otherwise damage surface waters (see section 3.2.3.) Additionally, studies have 16These numbers provided by Argonne are aggregated values from several sources including the Electric Power Research Institute, DOE, and The National Energy Technology Laboratory. Argonne notes in its report that some of the sources used modeling outputs rather than data from power plants. 17Includes water consumed for drilling wells; assumes freshwater withdrawal. Flash systems use very little fresh water, while air-cooled binary plants use essentially no potable water. 18 Reinjection to protect groundwater resources is a requirement for most geothermal applications under the EPA Underground Injection Control Program requirements, BLM, and state well construction requirements. 45 5. Environmental BenefitsPDF Image | Green Machine Series 4000
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