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Equipment Description Ground source heat pumps are generally classified by the type of ground loop (see Figure 2‐4). Market share of each type varies by country depending on site characteristics, promotion, and applications. Open loop systems, or “groundwater‐source” heat pumps, shown in Figure 2‐4(a), are the oldest and cheapest type of GSHP system, assuming the groundwater is suitable for use. Open loop systems have been in common use since the 1970’s and currently represent approximately 10‐20% of the U.S. market (Lund 2005). In such systems, groundwater is used as the heat carrier and is brought directly to the heat pump. The water is discharged either back into the well or into a body of surface water. These systems require an ample, shallow, and pure supply of groundwater. Because of their effect on the community groundwater, municipal regulations sometimes inhibit the installation of open loop systems. Closed loop, or ground‐coupled, systems use a loop containing water or a glycol solution through the ground loop and use a refrigerant loop to transfer the heat to the heat pump (Figure 2‐4b). The ground loop can be laid vertically or horizontally in the ground, or occasionally laid in a pond or lake. The vertical configuration involves a borehole drilled to a depth of 150 to 220 ft per ton of capacity (Rafferty 2008). The vertical loop has a smaller ground surface area requirement, typically 200‐400 ft2 (5‐10 m2/kW), which makes it more feasible for small properties, but it adds on significant drilling costs to the total installation cost of the system (ASHRAE 1995). The horizontal loop is usually a less expensive option, because it only involves digging a 4‐5 ft trench as opposed to a deep well. However, it requires much more space, and the ground temperature is subject to seasonal fluctuation at shallow depths. The horizontal trench length ranges from 125 to 300 ft per ton of capacity (Rafferty 2008). The length of pipe necessary is a function of system size, climate, soil/rock thermal characteristics and loop type. The ground surface area necessary for a typical horizontal loop ranges from 2000 ft2 to 3500 ft2 per ton (50‐ 90 m2/kW) (ASHRAE 1995). A variation of the horizontal loop is the spiral, or “slinky”, loop configuration in which the piping is laid out in an overlapping circular fashion. This U.S. Department of Energy 17PDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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