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configuration requires less ground area but more pipe length and pumping energy than a basic horizontal setup. In a pond loop, the ground loop is submerged in a lake or a pond. If a suitable body of water is available, this design is an economical option, because it involves minimal digging. Direct exchange systems run refrigerant through the ground loop to exchange heat directly. Such systems do not have to use a pump, but require a much greater copper tube length and refrigerant charge. They are not commonly used. Ground‐source heat pumps can be applied in a variety of residential, commercial, and institutional settings. In addition, a number of community‐ based systems have been installed in various countries around the world. The size of individual units ranges from about 1.5 tons for small residential applications to over 40 tons for commercial and institutional applications. As shown in Figure 2‐5, larger commercial applications can involve numerous rows of piping connected either in series or in parallel. In the U.S., the capacity of most units is sized for the cooling load and is consequently oversized for the heating load, except in northern climates where the primary load is the heating load. In Europe, the capacity is usually sized for heating load, often to provide base load, with peak load provided by fossil fuel. Figure 2‐4: Residential Ground Loops a) Open Loop Source: Water Furnace 2008 U.S. Department of Energy 18PDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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