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retrofitting of single family homes, at approximately 34% (EHPO 2008). Unlike other European countries, Sweden has had considerable success at capturing a large portion of the retrofit market. GSHP sales reached a peak in 2006, before dropping by 30% in 2007. Sales are estimated to drop another 20% in 2008 (Figure 2‐11), mostly due to the global economic slowdown. Figure 2‐11: Swedish Heat Pump Market Development 1997‐20073 Source: European Heat Pump Outlook 2008 Switzerland, with over 25,000 GSHP systems in operation, is estimated to have the highest installed density in world, with an average of more than one unit per 2 km2 (Curtis 2005). Figure 2‐12 shows the how the installed capacity has grown since 1980. Swiss public utilities have used a system called “energy contracting” to effectively provide an incentive for the adoption of GSHPs, which involves planning, installing, operating, and maintaining GSHP systems at their own cost and selling the heat (or cold) to the property owner at a contracted price in cents per kilowatt‐hour (Curtis 2005). In general GSHPs are installed primarily in a decentralized manner to meet individual needs, which avoids the cost of heat distribution associated with district heating. 3 Exhaust air, air-air, air-water heat pumps, all depicted in Figure 7, fall within the air-source heat pump category. Exhaust air heat pumps are often used for the production of domestic hot water. Air-water heat pumps are typically connected to a hydronic distribution system. U.S. Department of Energy 24 # of UnitsPDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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