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are possible in new construction, especially in housing developments or other planned communities. 3.2.1 Residential Applications Table 3‐1 lists rated efficiencies and installed‐cost estimates for a range of residential space‐conditioning technologies as of 2007. Values in bold are used in this analysis. Table 3‐1: Competing Residential Space‐Conditioning Technologies [EIA 2007] Technology Rated Cooling Efficiencies Rated Heating Efficiencies Typical Installed Costa Gas‐Fired Furnace ‐‐ Typical: 80% AFUE; 780 kWh/yr ENERGY STAR®: 90% AFUE; 500 kWh/yr 2007 Best Available: 96% AFUE; 275 kWh/yr $24.00/kBtuh $32.70/kBtuh $44.00/kBtuh Oil‐Fired Furnace ‐‐ Typical: 81% AFUE; 850 kWh/yr ENERGY STAR®: 83% AFUE; 800 kWh/yr 2007 Best Available: 95% AFUE; 650 kWh/yr $23.80/kBtuh $26.20/kBtuh $50.50/kBtuh Central A/C (Air Source) Typical: 13 SEER ENERGY STAR®: 14 SEER Best Available: 21 SEER ‐‐ $814/ton $886/ton $1714/ton Central Heat Pump (Air Source) Typical: 13 SEER ENERGY STAR®: 14 SEER Best Available: 17 SEERb Typical: 7.7 HSPF ENERGY STAR®: 8.2 HSPF 2007 Best Available: 10.6 HSPFb $1450/ton $1570/ton $2300/ton Ground‐ Source Heat Pump Typical: 16 EER ENERGY STAR®: 14.1 EER Best Available: 30 EER Typical: 3.4 COP ENERGY STAR®: 3.3 COP 2007 Best Available: 5.0 COP $3000/ton $2830/ton $5250/ton a) Based primarily on retrofit installations, as this is the general case. Figures are mid‐range values from EIA 2007. Heat‐pump costs are per nominal ton of cooling capacity. b) The “best available” was selected based on highest heating efficiency. Higher cooling efficiencies are available. Figure 3‐3 compares EIA installed‐cost estimates for the residential ASHPs to those from one other source [Rafferty 2008]. EIA costs are lower than other estimates. Upon reviewing the alternative source, the EIA estimates appeared most credible. Estimates by Kavanaugh are old [Kavanaugh 1995]. Estimates by Rafferty were adjusted from a 1995 estimate of $4400 for a 3‐ton ASHP [Kavanaugh 1995}. It is not clear how Rafferty adjusted the 1995 estimate. U.S. Department of Energy 33PDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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