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3.3 Maintenance Costs Two investigators of commercial/institutional GSHPs report reduced maintenance costs compared to conventional equipment [Martin 2000; Cane 2000]. These investigators, however, did not account for differences in equipment age, and neither suggests that their results can be applied broadly. For residential applications, ASHPs require periodic cleaning of the outdoor coil to maintain good performance, while GSHPs may require some maintenance to maintain the glycol solution in the ground loop. In either case, we assume that both require one annual maintenance call, and the fixed costs associated with that call are the bulk of the cost. In the end, we assumed that maintenance costs were roughly the same for all technology options and did not account for them. 3.4 U.S. Regions for Analysis Common ways to divide the U.S. geographically include: • Climate regions/zones • U.S. census regions • States • Other geopolitical divisions, such as counties or zip codes • Utility service areas. We used U.S. major census regions (see Figure 3‐8) for our regional analysis because: • Heat‐pump installation and shipment data are available by census region • Although they don’t make ideal climate regions, one can assign approximate climate conditions to census regions • More detailed modeling is beyond the scope of this analysis. U.S. Department of Energy 38PDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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