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5 Key Barriers to GSHP’s in the U.S. The key barriers to increased use of GSHPs in the U.S. are discussed below. This includes technological, market, institutional, regulatory, and other barriers. 5.1 Technological Barriers There are several key technological barriers to widespread adoption of GSHPs, including: • The need for a ground loop adds significant complexity, cost, and risk: o Adds site‐specific design considerations, which are particularly significant for single‐family residential applications. Geological conditions can vary significantly even within a given neighborhood [Proffer 2008] o Site‐evaluation costs can be high. o Creates risks and uncertainties in cost estimating. It is difficult for installers to provide quotes, unless prices are inflated to cover uncertainties/risks • Generally requires installation‐specific design and engineering of the ground loop • Pumping parasitics can be high if the system is not properly designed • Seasonal variations in ground temperature in the vicinity of ground loop keep temperature lifts higher than in theory, limiting efficiency gains • GSHPs can be difficult and costly to install in retrofit applications Other technological barriers include: • Direct‐exchange systems (refrigerant circuit in direct contact with the ground), while less popular today compared to secondary‐loop alternatives, pose unique challenges, including: o May be difficult to ensure adequate refrigerant‐oil return o Increased difficulty in maintaining refrigeration‐loop integrity and cleanliness o High cost of copper or aluminum refrigeration tubing/piping o High refrigerant cost o System repair and maintenance challenges (i.e., more difficult to recover charge and re‐charge system) o Detecting charge loss or repairing leaks can be problematic U.S. Department of Energy 77PDF Image | Ground‐Source Heat Pumps
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