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Welch and Boyle speed variation to maximize performance over a large range of operating conditions. an integrally bladed rotor—which has low stress and incorporates a shroud to control the location of any stray liquid. Liquid leaving the rotor separates onto the duct walls. Two-phase nozzle efficiency is typically between 90% and 97% and is influenced strongly by the sur- face tension of the working fluid and the vapor density at the condensing pressure. Standard refrigerants that are used in low temperature geothermal are ideal in these aspects because of their low surface tension and high vapor density. The Euler Turbine can also be incorporated into ORC designs in place of a radial inflow turbine. For a waste heat application studied, the use of a two-stage Euler wheel in an ORC enabled direct drive of a 300 kW, 3,000 rpm induction generator, elimi- nating the gearbox. The proposed design would incorporate a hermetic generator submerged in the refrigerant working fluid. This would allow for removal of the dynamic seals that are often troublesome. Variable Phase turbine The Variable Phase Turbine (VPT) is comprised of a set of individual, fixed nozzles and an axial impulse rotor. The two-phase nozzle (Figure 7) is the thermodynamic energy conversion element of the VPT. Enthalpy is converted to two-phase kinetic energy in a near isentropic expansion. Expanding gas breaks up the liquid phase into small droplets. Momentum is transferred from the gas to the droplets by pressure and shear forces. The small diameter of the droplets results in a close coupling of the gas and liquid, producing efficient acceleration of both phases. The inlet to the nozzle can be liquid, two-phase, supercritical, or vapor. High Pressure Liquid Or Two-Phase Flow Figure 7. Schematic of two-phase VPT nozzle. Two-phase kinetic energy is efficiently converted to shaft power by reversing the direction of the tangential component of the flow velocity in an axial impulse turbine. The turbine is de- signed with a special blade contour to minimize momentum and friction losses of the liquid impinging on the surface and flowing over the surface (Figure 8). A true impulse turbine with no reac- tion or pressure drop in the rotor, the runaway speed is limited to no more than the two-phase jet velocity and axial thrust on the rotor is minimized. Maximum droplet impact velocity for typi- cal expansion conditions is 300-500 feet per second. No erosion results, as the threshold impact velocity for erosion of the titanium alloy wheel is in excess of 1,000 feet per second. Figure 9. Variable Phase Turbine nozzle and rotor arrangement. Rotor efficiency is typically between 78% and 85% and is in- fluenced strongly by the vapor quality at the exit of the nozzle. High Velocity Two-Phase Jet Variable Phase turbine: Experience Refrigeration The two-phase impulse turbine of the type de- scribed is the only two-phase turbine with extensive commercial experience. Two-phase axial impulse turbines designed by Energent staff have been in refrigeration service for many years. Over 75 units have been installed in Carrier commercial chillers. The earliest units have operated for 10 years with no required turbine maintenance. One of these 500 Ton chillers (the 19 XRT model) is shown in Figure 10. In this application, the two-phase turbine replaces the two-phase expansion valve and generates 15 kW from the flashing refrig- erant. The result is a 7-8% improvement in the chiller system efficiency3. Two-Phase Turbine Two-Phase Jet The arrangement of the VPT (Figure 9) is similar to a con- ventional axial im- pulse turbine. The nozzles are inclined at a tangential angle to the rotor. The two- phase impulse wheel is a blisk—that is, Figure 8. Schematic of flow path in two-phase VPT blades. From Nozzle Liquid Film 768 Figure 10. Carrier 19 XRT chiller with two-phase turbine.PDF Image | New turbines to Enable Efficient Geothermal Power Plants
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