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without the expense and reliability problems of those compo- nents for an ORC. range of conditions that can be accomplished with a particular turbine and rotor design is thus quite large and a set of modular power skids can be developed that are quickly deployable with lower cost. Factory assembly and checkout would be performed to reduce on-site startup time and costs. The exhaust from the turbine is condensed in a compact con- denser. Standard refrigerant condensers are used, enabling low cost and compact size. The condensate is then pressurized by a hermetic pump and circulated through the liquid heat exchanger to close the cycle. The VPC utilizing a VPT is simple and stable which are two critical factors in achieving a quick, successful start-up of a geo- thermal power plant. The elimination of the gearbox increases efficiency and reliability, reduces complexity and capital cost, and eliminates the associated lube-oil subsystem present in typical organic Rankine cycle systems. The lack of a phase change in the heat exchanger makes the VPC stable and simple to control. Variable Phase cycle: Application to the commercial Geothermal Market Figure 16 is a compact waste heat recovery system designed under a DOE study for recovery of heat from a brine stream at 245 °F. The unit was designed to be factory assembled and tested followed by shipping to the site and installation on pre-poured foundations. The Variable Phase cycle is able to generate more electricity from a given geothermal well. Increased electrical production decreases all other costs on a per kW basis. Consider a potential project where the exploration, drilling and surface plant costs of a project were $6,000,000. An organic Rankine cycle may produce 1500 kWe whereas a Variable Phase cycle could produce 2000 kWe with the same resource, thus bringing the cost per kW down Variable Phase Turbine Power Plant Two novel turbines have been developed that enable the economic and efficient implementation of novel thermodynamic cycles that maximize the geothermal resource utilization: the Euler Turbine and the Variable Phase Turbine. These turbines improve resource utilization through a combination of increased system efficiency, increased robustness and reliability, reduced maintenance requirements, leveraging better $/kW ratios by reducing system component count and complexity, and increasing the amount of energy that can be extracted from a given resource. Figure 16. VPC 1 MW geothermal power plant with plate-and-frame heat exchangers. Use of the Euler Turbine with the Kalina cycle or ORC provides: The cost was determined for a 1 megawatt system. Turnkey price for the system, including factory assembly and checkout, site work and electrical interconnection was estimated to be $1,278,915 or $1,279/kWe. These costs are based upon the first article system. The cost can be compared with typical installed costs for ORC systems in this size range which are in the range $2,300 to $2,500/kW. Costs are reduced due to the elimination of the gearbox, lube oil system, seals and the use of a simpler heat exchanger. We believe the heat exchanger costs in particular will be further reduced via economies of scale. • Moisture and contaminant resistance with no erosion. • Two-dimensional vane and blade profiles, giving stout, strong blades and simple, low-cost construction. • Reduction in operating speed to approximately half that of comparable radial inflow machines, reducing the size and losses of a gearbox while also improving rotordy- namics. • Multiple stages on a single, compact blisk for high pres- sure ratios. The VPT has the additional advantage of being able to accom- modate widely varying power levels for a single given rotor and housing design. Because the nozzles inserts are discrete, they can be blanked off or changed out for nozzles with different profiles. Discrete nozzles allow for variations in resource production without bypassing flow or operating at part-load efficiency. The Based on analytical and experimental test results, the power advantages and performance of the Variable Phase cycle have been validated. Condenser Brine Heat Exchanger Experience in the steam pressure let-down sys- tems as well as application to the Kalina cycle have proven the performance and versatility of the Euler Turbine. 771 The advantageous features of the Variable Phase cycle utilizing the Variable Phase Turbine are: Welch and Boyle Variable Phase Turbine from $4,000/kWe to $3,000/kWe. This cost reduction might enable an otherwise economically nonviable project. summaryPDF Image | New turbines to Enable Efficient Geothermal Power Plants
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