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FOCUS GROUP D – RESERVOIR Rapporteur: Victor Rudolph o All real systems all have water. A dry reservoir is not a realistic expectation. - Reservoir stimulation and plant operation procedures must be designed with ability to handle water in the reservoir. - The reservoir water may provide an advantage rather than a hindrance. This possibility needs to be investigated. - It is not clear how long it would take to dry off a reservoir but it could be quite long. - Reservoir water loss is a variable, for example, no water losses are expected at the Geodynamics site since the reservoir is capped and sealed. If uncapped, the water would flow for hundreds of years at the Geodynamics reservoir. o It is typical that underground reservoirs are poorly characterized. - Outcomes in the field can be controlled only poorly or are not controllable at all. - Many things are location dependent and experience in one site is not directly applicable to a new site. o Fracturing/flow properties of reservoir are of key importance. - Enhancing and controlling these fractures (their size and directionality) is the essence of reservoir stimulation. - The EGS reservoirs are stimulated using water. The geothermal siphon would have the option of using CO2 but it is not clear which one is better. CO2 fracturing is commonly done in oil industry but its usage in the present context needs to be investigated. - Reservoir stresses and stress directionality are important parameters concerning reservoir stimulation and utilization. - Temperatures and drawdown rates depend on fracture patterns and fracture patterns are influenced by the stress conditions. - The effect of thermal shrinkage of the reservoir rock on permeability would also be important over the plant life. o Underground chemistry - Rock/pore water/fracture flow interactions Possibly different mechanisms apply near injection (dissolution) and production (precipitation) wells. - Figuring out these interactions for a specific site is difficult. Some ideas have been raised in the Focus Group but there are no easy solutions. Typically, the only samples available are chips obtained while drilling and the task is characterization of the reservoir with reasonable accuracy from chips obtained while drilling only a few wells What is required is a quantitative characterization as well as qualitative. Historical analogs may be useful. - Unknown variability of the reservoirs Representative samples? Depth profile? Complexity. o Well arrangement & pressure/flow balance - The aim is power generation – not CO2 sequestration. The reservoir must be planned to optimize the quantity and the cost of energy extraction over the target plant life. - Modelling is important to determine optimum well spacing, flow rate predictions, etc. o Long-term CO2 fate? - In general, an EGS reservoir looks like a robust storage space because it is deep and it is sealed (otherwise, it would not have the hot temperatures that make it a suitable geothermal resource). - Seismic events could generate a potential for loss to surface. Seismic triggers experienced in past geothermal tests occurred only during the reservoir stimulation phase. The possibility of other seismic triggers for leakage to surface needs to be investigated. The earthquake propensity and the likely effects of earthquakes need to be investigated for a given site. o Different material choices may have to be made for constructing CO2 geothermal siphon reservoirs. - This also includes the service equipment.PDF Image | Power Generation USING A SUPERCRITICAL CO2 GEOTHERMAL SIPHON
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