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- There is a need for fundamental studies on properties of mixtures of a vapour and a supercritical fluid. Otherwise, the geochemistry of the site will affect the materials used in the surface plant. o Expander/Turbine - The current range of gas and steam turbines may not be directly applicable - New approaches/designs will be needed - The pressures are similar to steam turbines but supercritical CO2 is denser. Therefore, it is conceivable that CO2 turbines will be smaller CO2 is 2.7 times more dense – 190 vs 70 kg/m3 @20 MPa. - The impact of turbine size on cost is not clear. - This is an engineering design problem and there are no fundamental difficulties. - Supercritical CO2 is being proposed for refrigeration cycles and there can be lessons learned from those efforts. o Cooling CO2 - If air-cooling is the only option, this would require very large heat exchangers The presence of water in the CO2 stream may lead to corrosion. Another complication would be the condensation of water creating a two-phase flow. - The pressure is very high (>8 MPa) to maintain supercritical conditions and this would require thick walls for the finned tubes adding to the cost. The following points were raised by the floor following the presentation by the Focus Group D. o The 10% loss figure included in the Workshop papers may not be sustainable. o This is not a sequestration project since no one would want to sequester CO2 5 km deep and 1500 km away when it can be sunk 0.5 km down and only 100 km away from the source. o Even if sequestration is not the aim, there will still be a need for millions of tonnes of CO2 required to fill the reservoir and to start the heat extraction. Some of this will be sequestered. The CO2 will be left there and this is a future liability. o CO2 is quite compressible and a lot more can be stored at 5 km depth and it would also be further away from the surface at those depths minimizing the chance of leakage o There are two reasons to use CO2 in a geothermal siphon: - It may be available in large quantities - Its thermodynamic properties are favourable o When CO2 is injected into hydrothermal reservoirs, it is known what happens. The experience would be useful to a geothermal siphon project. The hydrothermal experience suggests that there would be some sequestration of CO2 as minerals, although this might be reversed when the reservoir dried off. FOCUS GROUP E – POWER CONVERSION Rapporteur: Trevor Gleeson o Handling of the CO2 does not offer new challenges. The oil/gas industry offers the requisite experience. o Corrosion could be a problem. - Water from the reservoir will be picked up by the CO2 at least until the reservoir is dried off. Possible options are A binary plant during the drying period Direct expansion of the CO2 after the reservoir is dried off - Other minerals will possibly be present in the CO2 stream. This probably would be site specific. The main issues are: Can these minerals be separated before running the fluid through the surface plant FOCUS GROUP F – ENVIRONMENT Rapporteur: Dennis Van Puyvelde o Two new research programs are needed to address issues not covered under the present program headings: - Social and economic integration The following points were raised by the floor following the presentation by the Focus Group E. o The corrosiveness is a transition issue. Supercritical CO2 is not corrosive when there is no water. Although it should be acknowledged that dry-off time could be very long for some reservoirs. o There may be options to generate power during the transition from a wet reservoir to a dry reservoir, e.g. CO2 as a geothermal fluid used to heat the fluid a binary plant. o Options should be considered to be able to reuse the equipment at the next site. - Geology.PDF Image | Power Generation USING A SUPERCRITICAL CO2 GEOTHERMAL SIPHON
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