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GEOTHERMAL CHAPTER 3 Dry Steam Power Plants. A very few geothermal reservoirs are filled naturally with steam, not water. This means that the wells will produce only steam. The power plants that run on this steam are called “dry steam” power plants. Here, the steam blasts right into the turbine blades (they do not need separators), then is condensed to water and piped back into the reservoir. Though dry steam reservoirs are rare, they have been important to the development of geothermal power, especially in California, Italy, and Japan. Binary Power Plants. In some geothermal reservoirs, the water is hot (over 200° F, or 93°C), but not hot enough to produce steam with the force needed to efficiently turn a turbine-generator. Fortunately, we can generate electricity from these “moderate temperature” reservoirs, using binary power plants. In the binary process, the geothermal water is used only for its heat, not to produce steam. In a heat exchanger (see sidebar, this page), the heat transfers to a second liquid. This second liquid flashes to vapor and drives the turbine. Once used, the geothermal water is pumped back into the reservoir. Moderate-temperature reservoirs are more common than high-temperature reservoirs, so the use of binary power plants is expanding worldwide. HEAT EXCHANGERS Heat exchangers are used in electricity generation when the heat source is hot, but not quite hot enough to bring water to a boil to create forceful steam. A heat exchanger transfers heat (thermal energy) from a hotter liquid to a cooler one by conduction. The heat is conducted from the first (hotter) liquid into the second liquid through metal pipes or plates that keep the two liquids separated. The second liquid is usually one with a lower boiling point than water, so it vaporizes, or “flashes” to vapor, at a lower temperature. Sometimes — such as in certain solar thermal power plants, where the first liquid is oil or another material (see page 63) — the second liquid can be water. The force of the rapidly expanding vapor or steam spins the turbine blades that drive a generator. The steam or vapor can then be condensed back to a liquid and used over and over again. Binary power plant © 2007 The California Study, Inc. ENERGY FOR KEEPS: ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE ENERGY 33PDF Image | Renewable Energy Source: GEOTHERMAL
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