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Direct FuelCell power plants have an exhaust temperature ranging from 650°F to 750°F. This heat energy can be captured to provide heat for buildings, swimming pools, and other facility needs. In fact, the already high efficiency of fuel cells can be increased from around 47% to as much as 80% or more, depending on design and installation parameters.* How important is CHP? According to the U. S. Combined Heat and Power Association, more than $5 billion dollars in heating costs are saved annually by building owners in the U. S., and energy consumption is being reduced each year by some 1.3 billion BTUs. While these figures cover all types of CHP, including systems incorporated in plants that burn fossil fuels, the benefits of cogeneration in a fuel cell operation are two-fold: 1) the increase in efficiency previously mentioned, and 2) the fact that Ultra-Clean, quiet fuel cell plants can be located within or near the facility where the electricity is to be used. This is a distinct advantage over conventional central plants that are usually located too far from heat users to allow for effective utiliza- tion of waste heat. There are other CHP considerations regarding the tradeoff between heat and electricity that highlight the benefits of fuel cells over turbines and other combustion genera- tors. Electricity generated during a cogeneration process has a significantly greater value than that of the associated waste heat, in fact, up to 10 times as much. Thus, the gener- ation of electricity is paramount in the economic efficiency equation, since the more electricity that can be produced by the power plant, the less of this relatively high priced electricity must be purchased from the grid. Figure 4. Diagram of a CHP Setup for Extracting Heat During Fuel Cell Power Generation With traditional sources of power generation — e.g., reciprocating engines, microturbines, etc. — CHP can mask the underlying electrical power generation efficiency of the power source. Whatever CHP adds to the overall efficiency, economics will be driven by the actual electrical power- generating efficiency of the plant. Thus, in the case of a gas turbine, operating at 25% electric power generation efficiency and a reciprocating engine at 35% electrical power generation efficiency, considerably less of the overall output of the system — percentage wise — is in the form of electricity. In contrast, the Direct FuelCell operates at 47% electrical power generation efficiency. The bottom line: fuel cells offer the distinct advantage of a higher ratio of electricity to heat — electricity that would be relatively expensive if it had to be purchased from the grid — while capturing much of the waste heat generated for the CHP process. * Alternatively, instead of the waste heat generated by the fuel cell being used for cogeneration, the heat can be transferred to a turbine, which con- verts the heat to mechanical energy and then to electrical energy. Such a process can increase electrical efficiency by 10 - 15 percentage points. Simpler power generation bottoming approaches, such as powering an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) with DFC exhaust heat, can increase electrical efficiency by 2 - 3 percentage points. In a system where DFC waste heat is provided to support gas distribution pressure letdown (DFC-ERG), efficien- cies in the mid-60% range can be achieved. These types of heat to electrici- ty approaches are effective in larger grid connected applications where there may not be a local user of thermal energy. cells workPDF Image | Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems with Direct FuelCell Technology
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