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and the Solid State Energy Conversion Alliance (SECA), in technology research and development. Such co-develop- ment efforts have led to global recognition for the compa- ny’s achievements in advanced research in such areas as solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and the successful develop- ment and commercialization of the Direct FuelCell. At present, FCE manufactures three fuel cell systems: DFC300MA, DFC1500, and DFC3000. The DFC300MA provides 300 kW of continuous power output. Suitable appli- cations for this product include supermarkets, medium-sized (300-bed) hotels, and small commercial businesses. The DFC1500 produces 1.2 MW of continuous baseload power. It is ideal for large hotels, convention centers, and facilities with similar levels of power consumption. The DFC3000 produces 2.4 MW of baseload power. The unit is designed to meet the power needs of hospitals, universities, large manufacturing complexes, and utility/grid support. Multiple DFC systems can be combined to provide larger power outputs for large utility/grid support applications up to 50 MW. FuelCell Energy also supplies DFCs for a unique grid support application through its distributor, Enbridge, Inc. In this application, the Direct FuelCell is combined with a turbo expander to extract energy at natural gas letdown stations. Known as the DFC-ERG, the product is commercially avail- able. Other high-performance systems, such as the high effi- ciency Direct FuelCell/Gas Turbine hybrid (DFC/T), are in developmental stages Some of the advancements and enhancements in technology that help to distinguish Direct FuelCells include the following: • DFCs create the hydrogen gas needed by the anodes with- in the fuel cell module from readily available hydrocarbon fuels, such as natural gas. This process is called internal reforming, and external equipment (which adds cost and requires energy input) is not required. Internal reforming is possible due to the relatively high operating temperature (650-750°F) of Direct FuelCells. This operating temperature has other advantages. For example, because of the high temperature, non-precious metals can be used for the anode and cathode instead of platinum, resulting in significant cost savings. Also, the exhaust from the system is high-grade heat, capable of supporting a variety of heat recovery options, including steam generation. • DFCs can run on natural gas, or biogas, such as digester gas from wastewater treatment and food processing plants. Some states consider fuel cells running on biogas to be a renewable energy source, which means the fuel cells qualify for additional financial incentives. With adjustments to the system, DFC plants can also run on propane, diesel fuel, ethanol, coal gas, and other hydrocarbons. • FuelCell Energy’s DFC power plants are complete systems, which include all of the “Balance of Plant” equipment needed to convert natural gas or treated digester gas into grid quality electricity. Simply stated, this means all aspects of the plant, including accessories and supporting equipment — heat exchangers, power electronics, control logic, and even valves, fittings, piping, etc. — have been designed and selected to optimize the complete power system package. Figure 5. Cutaway Illustration of a Direct FuelCell Module Showing Individual Cells in a StackPDF Image | Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems with Direct FuelCell Technology
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