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Use of an indirect cycle affects the unit cost (mills/kWre) of generating electricity in two main ways: 1. Reduced thermal efficiency because of the added primary coolant circulator power consumption and the reduction in turbine inlet temperature due to the ∆T needed to transfer heat across the IHX; and 2. Increased capital costs due to the added IHX and circulator (in some instances compensatory savings may accrue) Efficiency Penalty of Indirect Cycles Adding an intermediate loop between the core and power cycle reduces cycle efficiency through two effects: blower power consumption and reduced turbine inlet temperature. Approximate relations for these losses (derivable for ideal gas—ideally recuperated Brayton cycles) are: ∆Wb ⎛ ∆P ⎞ ∆ηw=(1−ηo)Q ≡(1−ηo)⎜ρc ∆T⎟ where ηo ∆Wb Q Th = reference cycle thermodynamic efficiency = primary circuit blower (circulator) power consumption, MWe = core thermal power, MWth = turbine inlet temperature, oK = reduction in Th due to added IHX heat transfer film drops. ∆ηT =(1−ηo)∆Th Th ⎝pc⎠ ∆Th For the two principal categories—liquid vs. gaseous primary coolant—a rough distinction can be made: ∆Th ∆Wb/Q Liquid 20oC Gas 40oC 0.005 0.02 Thus for a S-CO2 system having Th = 820oK and ηo = 0.44, ∆ηw =0.0112, while ∆ηT = 0.0273 for a combined efficiency loss, ∆η =0.0385 or about 4%, which more detailed simulations confirm. A comparable liquid cooled primary system will, for the above parameters, have a ∆η of about 1.65%. This latter value compares well with the 1.43% loss predicted in Ref (2.3), for lead-bismuth-eutectic primary coolant, considering the crude nature of the analysis. 18PDF Image | 300 MWe Supercritical CO2 Plant Layout and Design
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