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If capital costs (in $) were unaffected, the increase in busbar unit cost e, mills/kWhre would be ∆e = − ∆η e ηo Hence a ∆η of –2.2% would increase mills/kWhre by 5%. It should be recognized that the circulator power consumption W and the heat transfer film temperature differential ∆Tf are not independent variables. One finds that for a given service and heat exchanger design, the product of W and ∆Tf is approximately constant. Hence a tradeoff can be performed to minimize total ∆η. If one broadens the scope to include heat exchanger design, one finds that the product of W • ∆Tf times frontal flow area squared is approximately constant (2.7). An iterative procedure of this sort is well worthwhile, but will not be pursued further here. In any such analyses one must use more sophisticated cycle optimization codes, especially when dealing with non- ideal gases like CO2 near its critical point. For example, Dostal has reported that S-CO2 efficiency is fairly insensitive to reactor core or IHX pressure drop: for example an increase from an already generous 250 kPa to 500 kPa reduces η from 44.75 to 44.25%. He also finds that a 40oC decrease in turbine inlet temperature reduces cycle efficiency by about 1.8%, considerably less than the 2.73% predicted by our simple ideal gas/ideal cycle model. The Path Forward Most of our focus to date has been on capital cost reduction, since this category typically accounts for about 70% of the cost of nuclear-generated electricity. However, reducing capital cost by a factor (1 + δ) has the same effect on capital-related mills/kWre as increasing capacity factor by the same ratio. Thus attention must also be paid to factors such as ease of inspection and on-line maintenance when developing a plant layout. This has motivated development of the modified power conversion unit described in the chapter which follows. References for Chapter 2 2.1 V. Dostal et al, “A Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Next Generation Nuclear Reactors”, MIT-ANP-TR-100, March 2004 2.2 “Modular High Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor Commercialization and Generation Cost Estimates”, DOE-HTGR-90365, GCRA, Aug. 1993 2.3 V. Dostal, N.E. Todreas, P. Hejzlar, M.S. Kazimi, “Power Conversion Cycle Selection for the LBE Cooled Reactor with Forced Circulation”, MIT-ANP-TR- 085, Feb. 2002 19PDF Image | 300 MWe Supercritical CO2 Plant Layout and Design
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