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• Discharge mode: Compressor and compressor turbine are driven by the thermal energy from the storage tank instead of receiving heat from solar receiver. The power turbine is driven by the high-pressure, high- temperature S-CO2 from TES heat. This storage design provides short-term energy to drive the engine and bridge weather conditions such as passing clouds. The shortcomings of a two-tank salt system include high system and material costs and a temperature cap (less than 600 °C) for salt stability. Other TES technologies under development involve thermocline TES, use of phase-change material, or other low-cost, stable material for high performance and more economical operations. Figure 1 depicts a generic TES system. The advantage of a modular S-CO2 tower receiver/generator configuration is analogous to a modular dish-Stirling engine of system in terms of factory fabrication and easy deployment. Instead of the low power range (~10 kWe for a Stirling engine), the modular S-CO2 plant reaches multi-MWe levels that bring a scale advantage in terms of maintenance and cost benefits. In addition, the s-CO2 process utilizes more reliable turbomachinery rather than reciprocating Stirling engines. The scale of 5-10 MWe is compatible with small tower systems under development by eSolar, which feature close-packed heliostat fields that have lower land usage than other CSP configurations. Conclusion Supercritical CO2 operated in a closed-loop recompression Brayton cycle offers the potential of equivalent or higher cycle efficiency versus supercritical or superheated steam cycles at temperatures relevant for CSP applications. The S-CO2 pressure is higher than superheated steam but lower than supercritical steam at temperatures of interest. The high pressure required for S-CO2 makes application to trough fields difficult. A small tower design is recommended for simplicity in the power system. A single-phase process using S-CO2 as both HTF and thermal cycle fluids would simplify the power block machinery and is compatible with sensible-heat thermal energy storage. The uncertainties in the utilization of such a cycle are: the high pressure required and lack of experience with closed loop Brayton cycles. This is an area of active research for next-generation nuclear power plants. Acknowledgment This research is sponsored by the US Department of Energy under Agreement #15085. References [1] Vaclav Dostal, Pavel Hejzlar, Michael J. Driscoll, “High-Performance Supercritical Next-Generation Nuclear Reactors”, Nuclear Technology Vol. 154, pp. 265-282, June 2006. [2] Vaclav Dostal, Pavel Hejzlar, Michael J. Driscoll, “The Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle: Comparison to Other Advanced Power Cycles”, Nuclear Technology Vol. 154, pp. 283-282, June 2006. [3] Argonne National Laboratory, "Performance Improvement Options for the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycle," ANL-GenIV-103, 2007. [4] Chapman, D.J., and D. Arias, “An Assessment of the Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Cycle for Use in a Solar Parabolic Trough Power Plant,” Proceedings o SCCO2 Power Cycle Symposium 2009, Troy, NY April 29-30, 2009. [5] Wagner, M., “Simulation and Predictive Performance Modeling of Utility-Scale Central Receiver System Power Plants”, M.S. thesis, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 2008. [6] Wright, S. A. et al., Operation and Analysis of a Supercritical CO2 Brayton Cycle, Sandia Report, No. SAND2010-0171, (2010). [7] Turchi, C., Supercritical CO2 for Application in Concentrating Solar Power Systems, Proceedings of SCCO2 Power Cycle Symposium 2009, Troy, NY April 29-30, 2009. [8] Fuller, R. L., and Batton, W., Practical Considerations in Scaling Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Closed Brayton Cycle Power Systems, Proceedings of SCCO2 Power Cycle Symposium 2009, RPI, Troy, NY, April 29-30, 2009. [9] Kelly, B., “Advanced Thermal Storage for Central Receivers with Supercritical Coolants,” Final Report under Grant DE-FG36-08GO18149, Abengoa Solar Inc, Lakewood, CO, June 15, 2010. 4PDF Image | Advanced Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Power Cycle Configurations for Use in Concentrating Solar Power Systems
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