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258 J. Facão et al. ηreg = h2 -h3 (2) h -h(P,T) 225 The turbine inlet pressure was optimised to maximise electrical efficiency (equation 1). This optimisation allows us to answer the question: is it better to have saturated vapour or superheated vapour at turbine inlet? The optimisation was done with EES software [5]. Table 1 presents a comparison of different fluids for cycle 1. The turbine inlet and outlet pressures (P and P ), the DT of superheating at point 1, the heat required to 12 obtain 5 kW of electricity (the heat from solar system and gas burner, (Q ), the . condenser heat (Q ), the efficiency (h), the specific vapour consumption (s.v.c.) cond and the quality at turbine outlet (xout) are presented. The simulations were done with EES software. The specific vapour consumption gives an idea about system size. It was found that wet fluids (water, methanol and ammonia) present the best thermal performances, although differences are not significant. However, the micro- turbine considered doesn’t allow the use of wet fluids. Table 2 shows the prices and risks of the different working fluids. As can be seen in Tables 1 and 2, within the dry fluids, toluene and cyclohexane present higher efficiencies, but are however, toxic and flammable. When price, effi- ciency and risk are taken into account, cycloheaxane can be considered as the best fluid for the power circuit (primary circuit). Table 3 presents the results for cycle 2. When analyzing cycle 2, it was found that cyclohexane still led to the best performance results, for the same reasons as cycle 1, with an electricity generation efficiency of 12.4% (Q. = 40.4 kW and Q. = input cond 35.5 kW). The choice of the fluid for cycle 3 was more complicated. For this cycle, where the operating temperatures of the solar thermal collectors are 200o–250oC, it is neces- sary to consider that there are four fluids with a critical temperature below 230oC: n-pentane, HFE7100, Ammonia and R245fa. Another constraint was considered, since according to the turbine manufacturer, the inlet pressure in point 1 is limited to 2500 kPa. Fluid P1 [kPa] Water 47.4 n-pentane 364.7 HFE 7100 184.8 Methanol 177.7 Cyclohexane 99 Ammonia 4141 Toluene 38.4 R245fa 788.7 P2 [kPa] 9.6 136.7 60.7 43.7 30 1782 9.9 295.6 superheating DT [K] 0 0.26 0 0 0.041 0.1453 0.536 0 . . Qinput [kW] Qcond [kW] h% 74.1 69.1 6.74 75.3 70.4 6.64 76.1 71.2 6.57 74.3 70.0 6.73 75.2 70.2 6.65 74.9 70.3 6.67 74.6 74.3 6.70 76.3 71.6 6.54 s.v.c. [kg/Wh] xout % 0.02175 95.63 0.1433 – 0.4552 – 0.04615 95.88 0.1317 – 0.05114 92.02 0.1249 – 0.2823 – Table 1 Thermal performance of several fluids for cycle 1 . input International Journal of Low Carbon Technologies 3/4PDF Image | Analysis of a solar assisted micro cogeneration ORC
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